Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics by diabetes status at follow-up
| Diabetes status | p-value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | No (n = 9,799) | Yes (n = 1,409) | |
| Age (mean, SD) | 63.2 (8.6) | 62.2 (7.8) | < 0.001 |
| Race (n, %) | |||
| White | 6,777 (69.2) | 757 (53.7) | |
| Black | 3,022 (30.8) | 652 (46.3) | < 0.001 |
| Gender (n, %) | |||
| Male | 4,297 (43.9) | 655 (46.5) | |
| Female | 5,502 (56.1) | 754 (53.5) | 0.06 |
| Education (n, %) | |||
| < High school | 603 (6.2) | 163 (11.6) | |
| High school graduate | 2,169 (22.1) | 278 (26.8) | |
| Some college | 2,521 (25.7) | 400 (28.4) | |
| ≥ College graduate | 4,505 (46.0) | 468 (33.2) | < 0.001 |
| Income (n, %) | |||
| < $20,000 | 1,032 (10.5) | 238 (16.9) | |
| $20,000 – $34,000 | 2,044 (20.9) | 339 (24.1) | |
| $35,000 – $74,000 | 3,342 (34.1) | 474 (33.6) | |
| ≥ $75,000 | 2,316 (23.6) | 224 (15.9) | |
| Refused | 1,065 (10.9) | 134 (9.5) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking status (n, %) | |||
| Current | 1,029 (10.5) | 216 (15.4) | |
| Past | 3,846 (39.4) | 568 (40.5) | |
| Never | 4,893 (50.1) | 619 (44.1) | < 0.001 |
| Community type (n, %) | |||
| Higher density urban | 1,584 (16.2) | 223 (15.8) | |
| Lower density urban | 3,940 (40.2) | 587 (41.2) | |
| Suburban/small town | 1,945 (19.9) | 279 (19.8) | |
| Rural | 2,330 (23.8) | 320 (22.7) | 0.7 |
| Year of enrollment (n, %) | |||
| 2003 | 1,642 (16.7) | 286 (20.3) | |
| 2004 | 2,883 (29.4) | 435 (30.9) | |
| 2005 | 2,139 (21.8) | 272 (19.3) | |
| 2006 | 1,690 (17.3) | 214 (15.2) | |
| 2007 | 1,445 (14.8) | 202 (14.3) | 0.002 |
| Region (US Census) (n, %) | |||
| Northeast | 713 (7.3) | 84 (6.0) | |
| Midwest | 1,526 (15.4) | 213 (15.1) | |
| South | 6,407 (65.4) | 988 (70.1) | |
| West | 1,153 (11.8) | 124 (8.8) | 0.001 |
| Region (REGARDS) (n, %) | |||
| Belt | 713 (7.3) | 84 (6.0) | |
| Buckle | 1,526 (15.4) | 213 (15.1) | |
| Nonbelt | 6,407 (65.4) | 988 (70.1) | 0.06 |
| Annual average temperature, °F, mean (SD) | 61.8 (6.7) | 61.5 (6.5) | < 0.001 |
*
For continuous variables, obtained from one-way ANOVA; for categorical variables, obtained from Pearson χ