Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics by CAC status
| Characteristics | Total (n=99) | Control (CAC Score=0, n=48) | Case (CAC Score >100, n=51) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 53±16 | 42±12 | 64±13 | <0.001 |
| Women, n (%) | 38 (38) | 19 (40) | 19 (37) | 0.81 |
| Black race, n (%) | 71 (72) | 45 (94) | 26 (51) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27±6 | 28±7 | 27±5 | 0.66 |
| History of smoking, n (%) | 67 (68) | 30 (63) | 37 (73) | 0.29 |
| Education less than grade 11, n (%) | 44 (44) | 24 (50) | 20 (39) | 0.50 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 27 (27) | 4 (8) | 23 (45) | <0.001 |
| Medication use | ||||
| RAAS blockade, n (%) | 41 (46) | 23 (58) | 18 (36) | 0.04 |
| Calcium-based phosphate binder, n (%) | 37 (37) | 15 (31) | 22 (43) | 0.22 |
| Vitamin D therapy, n (%) | 69 (70) | 34 (71) | 35 (69) | 0.81 |
| Statin use, n (%) | 27 (27) | 6 (13) | 21 (42) | 0.001 |
| Single-pool Kt/V | 1.8±0.3 | 1.8±0.3 | 1.9±0.3 | 0.08 |
| Dialysis access, n (%) | 0.31 | |||
| AVF | 32 (32) | 12 (25) | 20 (39) | |
| AVG | 5 (5) | 3 (6) | 2 (4) | |
| Catheter | 62 (63) | 33 (69) | 29 (57) | |
| Markers of mineral metabolism | ||||
| Serum calcium, mg/dl | 8.7±0.7 | 8.7±0.7 | 8.7±0.7 | 0.82 |
| Serum phosphorous, mg/dl | 5.3±1.2 | 5.4±1.4 | 5.2±1.0 | 0.37 |
| Serum magnesium, mEq/L | 1.8±0.2 | 1.8±0.2 | 1.7±0.2 | 0.36 |
| Intact parathyroid hormone, pg/ml | 400 (270–581) | 402 (293–583) | 387 (252–580) | 0.49 |
| FGF-23, RU/ml | 777 (222–1310) | 819 (171–1284) | 754 (316–1500) | 0.53 |
| Soluble klotho, pg/ml | 356 (268–489) | 397 (285–524) | 306 (263–453) | 0.05 |
| Markers of cardiovascular calcification | ||||
| Fetuin-A, mg/L | 533±193 | 547±192 | 519±195 | 0.48 |
| dp-ucMGP, ppm | 1441 (967–2042) | 1258 (783–1800) | 1734 (1101–2437) | 0.02 |
| Osteoprotegerin, pmol/L | 10.1±4.8 | 8.2±3.4 | 11.8±5.2 | <0.001 |
| CPP2 size, nm | 289 (192–394) | 289 (187–394) | 289 (207–394) | 0.97 |
| T50, min | 307 (227–383) | 306 (252–378) | 315 (213–398) | 0.71 |
| C-reactive protein, μg/ml | 4.5 (1.7–11.4) | 3.4 (1.5–8.7) | 5.3 (2.1–17.1) | 0.18 |
If normally distributed, values for continuous variables with normal distribution are provided as mean±SD and were tested with two-sample t test. Otherwise, they are provided as median (interquartile range) and were tested using Mann–Whitney test. Categoric variables are presented as absolute number with percentage and were tested with chi-square test. CAC, coronary artery calcification; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; AVF, arteriovenous fistula; AVG, arteriovenous graft; FGF-23, fibroblast growth factor23; dp-ucMGP, dephosphorylated and uncarboxylated matrix glutamate protein; CPP2, secondary calciprotein particle; T50, time of half maximal transformation from primary to secondary calciprotein particle.