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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 14.
Published in final edited form as: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2022 Feb 1;89(2):222–230. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002847

Table 2.

Factors associated with poor sleep in Women’s Interagency HIV Study participants. (n=1583)

Variables Poor sleep, PSQI >5 (n=821) Better sleep, PSQI ≤5 (n=762) Unadjusted Adjustedb



n (%) n (%) OR (95% CI) p valuea OR (95% CI) p value
HIV disease status
 Viremic WLWH 226 (27.5) 174 (22.8) 1.36 (1.07-1.74) 0.045 1.26 (0.96-1.64) 0.199
 Aviremic WLWH 353 (43.0) 370 (48.6) Ref. Ref.
 HIV-uninfected 242 (29.5) 218 (28.6) 1.16 (0.92-1.47) 1.18 (0.92-1.51)
Age at visit, mean (SD) 51.6 (9.0) 49.9 (9.5) 1.02 (1.01-1.03) 0.0004 1.02 (1.01-1.03) 0.003
Race/ethnicity
 Non-Hispanic Black 482 (58.7) 503 (66.0) 0.47 (0.33-0.69) 0.0008 0.56 (0.38-0.83) 0.036
 Hispanic 110 (13.4) 97 (12.7) 0.56 (0.36-0.87) 0.61 (0.37-0.99)
 Non-Hispanic other 134 (16.3) 115 (15.1) 0.58 (0.38-0.89) 0.66 (0.42-1.04)
 Non-Hispanic White 95 (11.6) 47 (6.2) Ref. Ref.
Education
 <High school 268 (32.6) 219 (28.8) 1.13 (0.89-1.44) 0.146 1.07 (0.82-1.40) 0.140
 High school 252 (30.7) 264 (34.7) 0.88 (0.70-1.12) 0.83 (0.64-1.08)
 >High school 301 (36.7) 278 (36.5) Ref. Ref.
Income, ≤$18,000/year 527 (65.2) 431 (57.5) 1.38 (1.13-1.70) 0.002 1.33 (1.06-1.67) 0.015
Unemployed 555 (67.6) 394 (51.7) 1.95 (1.59-2.39) <0.0001 1.82 (1.41-2.34) <0.0001
Unstable housing 155 (18.9) 109 (14.3) 1.39 (1.07-1.82) 0.015 1.31 (0.98-1.76) 0.067
Partner status, no partner 598 (73.6) 530 (70.4) 1.17 (0.94-1.46) 0.163 1.14 (0.90-1.44) 0.275
Cigarette smoker, current 353 (43.0) 243 (31.9) 1.61 (1.31-1.98) <0.0001 1.49 (1.19-1.86) 0.0005
Hazardous alcohol, >7 drink/wk 82 (10.0) 49 (6.4) 1.61 (1.12-2.33) 0.010 1.51 (1.03-2.23) 0.037
Non-injection drugc, current 263 (32.0) 155 (20.3) 1.85 (1.47-2.32) <0.0001 1.70 (1.33-2.17) <0.0001
Injection drugd, ever 166 (20.2) 85 (11.2) 2.02 (1.52-2.68) <0.0001 1.47 (1.07-2.01) 0.016
Menopausal status
 Menopausal 374 (45.6) 305 (40.0) 1.48 (1.19-1.84) <0.0001 1.30 (0.95-1.78) 0.003
 Not menopausal 295 (35.9) 356 (46.7) Ref. Ref.
 N/A due to hysterectomy 152 (18.5) 101 (13.3) 1.82 (1.35-2.44) 1.83 (1.29-2.60)
BMI, mean (SD) 32.8 (9.2) 32.5 (9.0) -- 0.580 --
 Underweight 15 (1.9) 11 (1.5) 1.35 (0.60-3.06) 0.799 1.22 (0.52-2.83) 0.346
 Normal 132 (16.2) 131 (17.3) Ref. Ref.
 Overweight 213 (26.2) 187 (24.7) 1.13 (0.83-1.54) 1.35 (0.97-1.88)
 Obese 453 (55.7) 427 (56.5) 1.05 (0.80-1.39) 1.26 (0.94-1.70)
CES-D, median (IQR) 14 (6-24) 4 (1-10) 1.10 (1.09-1.12) <0.0001 1.10 (1.09-1.11) <0.0001
GAD-7, median (IQR) 6 (2-11) 0 (0-3) 1.22 (1.19-1.25) <0.0001 1.21 (1.17-1.24) <0.0001
HIV positive participants (n=1123)
CD4 count (cells/mm3), median (IQR) 681 (460 – 918) 680 (488 – 918) -- 0.947 --
CD4 count below 350 79 (13.6) 78 (14.4) 0.94 (0.67-1.31) 0.709 0.93 (0.65-1.33) 0.686
Viral load (copies/mL), median (IQR) 108.5 (39 – 1120) 79 (35 – 849) -- 0.237 --
cART adherence, ≥95% 454 (83.9) 448 (87.0) 0.78 (0.55-1.10) 0.158 0.72 (0.50-1.04) 0.077

Due to missing data, counts may not add up to total n=1583. Data presented as counts (frequency), unless otherwise noted.

a

p-values calculated from chi-square tests for categorical variables, Wilcoxon (median), or t-tests (mean)

b

Adjusted for age in years, race, education, income, and WIHS site

c

Includes crack, cocaine, and/or heroin use, any marijuana use, hallucinogens, club drugs and methamphetamines.

d

Ever reported use

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