Figure 3.

CRE-hubs, protein foci, and phase-separated condensates. (A) Nuclear protein foci may or may not be DNA-associated/bound. The relationship between protein foci and CRE-hubs is so far unknown. (B) Model for transcription-associated, foci-mediating enhancer–promoter interactions. (C) Two mechanisms of condensate formation via phase separation. Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is driven by weak, multivalent interactions between the constituents of the condensate (red dots) and does not require a scaffolding polymer. Conversely, polymer–polymer phase separation (PPPS) results from cross-linking the chromatin scaffold by a bridging factor (red rectangles).