Table 1.

A summary of the various types of SPIONs together with the methods of their synthesis and the major results of their use for the three biomedical applications discussed in this review

Type	Synthesis method	Major result	Ref.
Magnetothermal therapy
MF66 MNP	Co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ followed by dimercaptosuccinic acid stabilization	Magnetic hyperthermia of breast cancer led to a 40% tumor reduction	[79]
Magforce NPs	Magforce AG company	Thermal therapy of cancer tumor	[83]
Copolymer coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles	Co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ followed by polystyrene-co-polyacrylic acid, polylactide acid and polyethylene glycol coating	Magnetic inductive heating of organs of mouse models	[84]
mPEG coated Fe3O4nanoparticles	Solution-phase thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 in oleic acid and benzyl ether	high performance magnetic hyperthermia	[85]
Anionic Iron Oxide Nanomagnets	Alkaline coprecipitation of iron (III) and iron salts followed by citrate stabilization	Colloidal Mediators for Magnetic Hyperthermia	[86]
Oxide Nano-octopods	Nonhydrolytic thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 in the presence of oleic acid and oleylamine	Magnetic hyperthermia treatment	[87]
Cys-Arg-Glu-Lys-Ala modified MFNPs	High-temperature thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 in the presence of oleic acid	Combined hyperthermia and MRI/MPI of malignant tumor	[91]
Magnetic multicore nanoparticles (MCNP)	co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ followed by carboxymethyl dextran coating	Tumor heating within 60 seconds	[194]
Water-Dispersible Sugar-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticle	Thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 followed by sugar coating	Relaxometry and magnetic hyperthermia	[195]
AEH-Fe2O3 nanomagnetic beads	Magnetic iron oxide particles encapsulated within a coating formed from a polyester of valeric and butyric acids	Treated tumors decreased in volume by 50 to 94%	[196]
PVP coated Magneto-plasmonic nanoparticles (MagPlasNPs)	Co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ followed by gold seeding	Photothermia with magnetic hyperthermia of cancer	[197]
CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4 MnFe2O4@ CoFe2O4	Thermal decomposition of MnFe2O4 onto the surface of CoFe2O4	Antitumor therapeutic heating	[198]
Zn0.4Fe2.6O4MNP	Magnetic nanoparticles are coated with SiO2 and then amine-functionalized with geldanamycin	Resistance-Free Apoptotic Hyperthermia	[199]
Fe3O4 nanoparticles	Oxidation of pentacarbonyl iron followed by purification process	Selective inductive heating of lymph nodes	[200]
Biomimetic magnetic nanoparticles (BMNPs)	The precipitation of inorganic magnetite, followed by an oxidation of a strong base (NaOH)	Targeted magnetic hyperthermia	[201]
Magnetosome chains	Extracted from magnetotactic bacteria	Efficient penetration and maximum cell destruction	[202]
DOX/PLGA-Fe MNP	Dispersion of Fe powder into DOX/PLGA solution by stirring	Chemo- magnetic-hyperthermia- induced synergistic tumor eradication	[203]
Oleic acid functionalized Fe3O4	Co-precipitation of FeSO4 and FeCl3 followed by NH4OH	Tumor growth inhibition by apoptosis and Hsp90/AKT modulation	[204]
mAb-guided bioprobes	Polyethylene glycol-iron oxide-impregnated dextran nanoparticles functionalized with dodecanetetraacetic acid	Thermoablative therapy for human Breast cancer in mice results in tumor reduction	[205]
PEGylated Mn-Zn ferrite nanocrystals	Thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 in presence of Zn(acac)2 and manganese (II) acetylacetonate followed by oleylamine coating	Induce the apoptosis of tumor cells, inhibit the angiogenesis of tumor vessels, and suppress the tumor growth	[206]
Iron oxide nanocubes	Thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3	Magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal bimodal treatment leading to a complete apoptosis-mediated cell death	[207]
Poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) encapsulated SPIONs	Chemical coprecipitation of Fe3+ and Fe2+ in ammoniacal medium followed by solvent evaporation for encapsulation	Cancer destruction within a short period of time (120 minutes) by initiating early and late apoptosis	[208]
MIONs	Thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 in a mixture of oleic acid, oleylamine, and long acyl chain diols in benzyl ether	Effectively heat tumor tissues at a minimal dose	[209]
Nanowarming
Ferrotec EMG-308 solution	Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with an anionic surfactant in aqueous suspension	Thawing of a cryopreserved artery tissue sample	[21]
Silica coated EMG308, Ferrotec/sIONPs	EMG308, Ferrotec nanoparticles coated with mesoporous silica	Thawing cryopreserved porcine arterial and heart valve tissues with improved viability	[46]
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated SPIONs	chemical coprecipitation of Fe3+ and Fe2+ followed by PEG coating	Successful perfusion of vitrified whole rat hearts	[103]
Fe3O4 nanoparticles	Chemical coprecipitation of Fe3+ and Fe2+ followed by aqueous ammonia mixture	Significantly facilitates rewarming and improves the cryopreservation outcome of human umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cells	[125]
Amine group functionalized Fe3O4	Fe3O4 nanoparticles purchased from Ocean Nanotech LLC, San Diego, CA, USA	Rewarming of bulk sample	[128]
Fe3O4 NPs	Chemical coprecipitation of Fe3+ and Fe2+	Low-Cryoprotectant Vitrification of Stem Cell-Alginate Hydrogel Construct	[134]
Fe3O4 NPs	Chemical co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions	Massive-Volume Vitrification of Stem Cells with Low-Concentration Cryoprotectants	[135]
Graphene oxide (GO)-Fe3O4 nanocomposites	GO is added to the mixture of acetate stabilized Fe3O4	inhibit ice recrystallization by infrared irradiation that generates heat via GO and magnetic field for generating heat via Fe3O4	[142]
DP6+sIONP	Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with a silica layer and functionalized with polyvinyl pyrrolidone	Warming of cryopreserved sample	[210]
Mesoporous silica coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles	PVP coated nanoparticles are coated with silica shell followed by stabilization of PEG-TMS	Nanowarming of a cryopreserved rat kidney infrarenal aorta with preserved morphology and good viability at the cellular level	[211]
CP-DMSA- MNPs	Chemical co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions followed by dimercaptosuccinic acid coating	Multi-Hot-Spot Induction and Sequential Regulation	[212]
TD-PMAO- MNPs	Thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 followed by polymaleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene coating	Multi-hot-spot induction and Sequential Regulation
OP-PAA-MNPs	Oxidative precipitation of FeSO4 by NaOH followed by a coating of polyacrylic acid	Multi-hot-spot induction and Sequential Regulation
Magnetoliposomes	Surrounding the iron-oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) with phospholipid bilayer	Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia Efficacy on Pancreatic Tumor Cell reached 95% tumor cell death	[213]
HIFU-activated heating
MNPs	Not available (purchased from U.S. Research Nanomaterials, Inc.)	NPs play the major role in the temperature rise during HIFU sonication	[161]
Magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs)	Purchased as EMG705 series, Ferrotec (USA)	Reduced damage to healthy tissue, and reduced the procedure time, during tumor ablation using HIFU	[164]
Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticle agglomerates	Chemical co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions with ammonia solution	Magnetite nanoparticle agglomerates enhance the efficacy of HIFU in destruction of tumor spheroids	[169]
mNPs (Fe3O4))	Purchased as EMG705 series, Ferrotec (USA)	significantly reduce the time for HIFU thermal ablation	[170]
SPION	Chemical coprecipitation using ferric and ferrous salts in alkali medium followed by sodium oleate coating	The presence of SPION increases the absorption of ultrasound energy leading to increased temperature	[171]
Multifunctional PFH/DOX@PLGA/Fe3O4-FA nanocomposites	Double-emulsion	Demonstrated to efficiently suppress the tumor growth based on the enhanced and synergistic chemotherapy and HIFU ablation	[172]
Superparamagnetic PLGA-iron oxide microcapsule	Double emulsion (water/oil/water) evaporation process	Dual-modality US/MR imaging and high intensity focused US breast cancer ablation	[173]
uSPIO/PLGA microspheres	A double emulsion evaporation method was used to synthesize ultraminiature superparamagnetic PLGA–iron oxide microcapsules	Significantly enhance dual-modality US/MR imaging and HIFU synergistic therapy with an intravenous administration method	[174]

AEH: arterial embolization hyperthermia, mPEG: methoxy polyethylene glycol, acac: acetylacetonate, PVP: polyvinyl pyrrolidone, GO: graphene oxide, TMS: trimethyl (TM) and succinimide ester, DMSA: dimercaptosuccinic acid, PMAO: polymaleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene, PAA: polyacrylic acid, CP: Chemical co-precipitation, TD: thermal decomposition, OP: oxidative precipitation