Table 1.

Differences between adolescents with JFM and healthy controls in demographic, brain volume and clinical variables and medication

	Controls (n = 38)	JFM (n = 34)
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	t/LRV	p-value
Age	15.89 ± 1.32	16.37 ± 1.07	−1.67	0.10
Race (# Caucasian/non-Caucasian)	35 / 3	32 / 2	0.11	0.74
Average Household Income (1–6)	5.13 ± 2.07	5.09 ± 2.02	0.09	0.93
Education Caregiver 1 (1–5)	3.97 ± 0.88	3.88 ± 0.91	0.43	0.67
Education Caregiver 2 (1–5)	3.74 ± 0.78	3.63 ± 0.98	0.55	0.58
BRAIN VOLUME	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	t	p-value
Total GM volume	787.70 ± 59.87	785.50 ± 53.17	0.16	0.87
Total WM volume	384.27 ± 40.42	399.49 ± 36.89	−1.66	0.10
CLINICAL VARIABLES	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	t	p-value
Functional Disability	0.5 ± 1.25	22.74 ± 9.26	−13.89	0.00*
Fatigue (PROMIS)	14.28 ± 6.64	35.23 ± 6.87	−12.30	0.00*
Pain Interference	-	4.29 ± 1.55	-	-
Average Pain Intensity	-	5.43 ± 1.42	-	-
MEDICATION	# (%)	# (%)
Pain-related drugsa	-	12 (35.29%)
Psychiatric drugsb	-	15 (44.12%)
Gastrointestinal drugsc	-	7 (20.59%)
Melatonin	-	3 (8.82%)
Antihistamines	-	3 (8.82%)
Vitamins / Iron Supplements	-	3 (8.82%)
Birth Control	2 (5.26%)	2 (5.88%)
Hypertension	1 (2.63%)	-
Statins	1 (2.63%)	-

Note: Average Household Income: 1 = < $24,999; 2 = $25,000 – $49,999; 3 = $50,000 – $74,999; 4 = $75,000 – $99,000; 5 = $100,000 - $124,999; 6 = > $125,000. Caregiver Education Level: 1 = Less than High School; 2 = High School/GED; 3 = Partial College or Trade School; 4 = College Graduate; 5 = Post Graduate Degree.

^aPain-related drugs included: antiepileptic drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants, acetaminophen, and/or acetylsalicylic acid;

^bPsychiatric drugs included: antidepressants, anxiolytics, and ADHD drugs;

^cGastrointestinal drugs included: antiacids, antireflux and constipation drugs.

GM: Gray Matter; JFM: Juvenile Fibromyalgia; LRV: Likelihood Ratio Value; NRS: Numerical Rating Scale; SD: Standard Deviation; WM: White Matter.

^*Significant results at p<.001.