Table 1:
Baseline characteristics overall and by race/ethnicity.
| Characteristic* | Overall (n = 4892) | White (n = 3111) | Black (n = 766) | Hispanic (n = 614) | AI/AN (n = 255) | Other (n =146) | p-value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Intensive Lifestyle Intervention Arm (%) | 2461 (50.3) | 1561 (50.2) | 384 (50.1) | 309 (50.3) | 129 (50.6) | 78 (53.4) | 0.96 |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 58.7 (6.8) | 59.5 (6.8) | 58.0 (6.7) | 57.4 (6.3) | 55.3 (7.2) | 58.4 (6.9) | <0.001 |
| Age category (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| 45–54 years | 1185 (24.2) | 651 (20.9) | 196 (25.6) | 173 (28.2) | 127 (49.8) | 38 (26.0) | |
| 55–64 years | 2700 (55.2) | 1723 (55.4) | 438 (57.2) | 362 (59.0) | 96 (37.7) | 81 (55.5) | |
| 65–76 years | 1007 (20.6) | 737 (23.7) | 132 (17.2) | 79 (12.9) | 32 (12.6) | 27 (18.5) | |
| Female (%) | 2927 (59.8) | 1607 (51.7) | 583 (76.1) | 445 (72.5) | 201 (78.8) | 91 (62.3) | <0.001 |
| Yearly family income (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| > $80,000 | 1302 (26.6) | 1048 (33.7) | 126 (16.5) | 67 (10.9) | 82 (32.2) | 11 (7.5) | |
| $60,000–80,000 | 725 (14.8) | 500 (16.1) | 114 (14.9) | 64 (10.4) | 61 (23.9) | 27 (18.5) | |
| $40,000–60,000 | 910 (18.6) | 584 (18.8) | 143 (18.7) | 108 (17.6) | 49 (19.2) | 26 (17.8) | |
| $20,000–40,000 | 932 (19.1) | 484 (15.6) | 177 (23.1) | 183 (29.8) | 21 (8.2) | 26 (17.8) | |
| <$20,000 | 538 (11.0) | 161 (5.2) | 107 (14.0) | 177 (28.8) | 18 (7.1) | 43 (29.5) | |
| Missing | 485 (9.9) | 334 (10.7) | 99 (12.9) | 15 (2.4) | 24 (9.4) | 13 (8.9) | |
| Highest level of education (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Post Graduate degree | 937 (19.6) | 722 (23.8) | 125 (16.6) | 45 (7.4) | 8 (3.3) | 37 (26.6) | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 1069 (22.4) | 798 (26.3) | 149 (19.7) | 66 (10.9) | 16 (6.6) | 40 (28.8) | |
| Vocational / some college | 1816 (38.0) | 1088 (35.8) | 343 (45.4) | 208 (34.4) | 122 (50.2) | 55 (39.6) | |
| High School or equivalent | 648 (13.6) | 389 (12.8) | 103 (13.6) | 100 (16.5) | 51 (21.0) | 5 (3.6) | |
| Less than high school | 310 (6.5) | 41 (1.4) | 35 (4.6) | 186 (30.7) | 46 (18.9) | 2 (1.4) | |
| Employment status (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Working full or part time | 3128 (63.9) | 2059 (66.2) | 473 (61.8) | 346 (56.4) | 150 (58.8) | 100 (68.5) | |
| Homemaker | 837 (17.1) | 469 (15.1) | 116 (15.1) | 174 (28.3) | 53 (20.8) | 25 (17.1) | |
| Unemployed | 381 (7.8) | 240 (7.7) | 72 (9.4) | 36 (5.9) | 24 (9.4) | 9 (6.2) | |
| Missing | 546 (11.2) | 343 (11.0) | 105 (13.7) | 58 (9.5) | 28 (11.0) | 12 (8.2) | |
| Type of health insurance (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Private insurance | 3808 (78.0) | 2665 (85.8) | 587 (76.9) | 329 (53.6) | 111 (43.5) | 116 (79.5) | |
| Government | 616 (12.6) | 324 (10.4) | 114 (14.9) | 66 (10.8) | 102 (40.0) | 10 (6.9) | |
| Other insurance | 88 (1.8) | 47 (1.5) | 13 (1.7) | 19 (3.1) | 3 (1.2) | 6 (4.1) | |
| Uninsured | 371 (7.6) | 69 (2.2) | 49 (6.4) | 200 (32.6) | 39 (15.3) | 14 (9.6) | |
| Source of medical care (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Private doctor’s office | 3619 (74.2) | 2622 (84.4) | 533 (69.9) | 319 (52.0) | 39 (15.5) | 106 (72.6) | |
| Hospital clinic or outpatient department | 613 (12.6) | 237 (7.6) | 119 (15.6) | 88 (14.3) | 149 (59.1) | 20 (13.7) | |
| Community health center | 357 (7.3) | 75 (2.4) | 48 (6.3) | 169 (27.5) | 54 (21.4) | 11 (7.5) | |
| Other | 291 (6.0) | 171 (5.5) | 63 (8.3) | 38 (6.2) | 10 (4.0) | 9 (6.2) | |
| HbA1c, mean (SD), % | 7.3 (1.2) | 7.2 (1.1) | 7.5 (1.3) | 7.5 (1.3) | 7.5 (1.3) | 7.2 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c category (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| < 6.0% / 42 mmol/mol | 365 (7.5) | 265 (8.5) | 39 (5.1) | 36 (5.9) | 17 (6.7) | 8 (5.5) | |
| 6.0–6.4% / 42–46 mmol/mol | 865 (17.7) | 565 (18.2) | 126 (16.5) | 100 (16.3) | 43 (16.9) | 31 (21.2) | |
| 6.5–6.9% / 48–52 mmol/mol | 1018 (20.8) | 697 (22.4) | 140 (18.3) | 108 (17.6) | 45 (17.7) | 28 (19.2) | |
| 7.0–7.9% / 53–63 mmol/mol | 1511 (30.9) | 963 (31.0) | 238 (31.1) | 189 (30.8) | 73 (28.6) | 48 (32.9) | |
| 8.0–8.9% / 64–74 mmol/mol | 742 (15.2) | 422 (13.6) | 143 (18.7) | 111 (18.1) | 44 (17.3) | 22 (15.1) | |
| ≥ 9.0% / 75 mmol/mol | 391 (8.0) | 199 (6.4) | 80 (10.4) | 70 (11.4) | 33 (12.9) | 9 (6.2) | |
| eGFR, mean (SD), mL/min/1.73m2 | 89.7 (16.0) | 87.1 (15.0) | 95.5 (18.2) | 94.3 (14.0) | 93.6 (16.9) | 87.0 (16.8) | <0.001 |
| eGFR category (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| ≥ 90 | 2742 (56.2) | 1567 (50.5) | 480 (63.2) | 448 (73.1) | 171 (67.1) | 76 (52.1) | |
| 60–90 | 1898 (38.9) | 1364 (43.9) | 254 (33.4) | 147 (24.0) | 71 (27.8) | 62 (42.5) | |
| < 60 | 239 (4.9) | 174 (5.6) | 26 (3.4) | 18 (2.9) | 13 (5.1) | 8 (5.5) | |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 35.9 (5.9) | 36.0 (5.9) | 36.6 (6.0) | 35.3 (5.7) | 35.8 (6.3) | 34.7 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| BMI categories (%) | 0.001 | ||||||
| 25–29 | 732 (15.0) | 455 (14.6) | 96 (12.5) | 106 (17.3) | 40 (15.8) | 35 (24.0) | |
| 30–34 | 1723 (35.3) | 1101 (35.4) | 247 (32.3) | 239 (39.0) | 90 (35.6) | 46 (31.5) | |
| 35–39 | 1336 (27.3) | 852 (27.4) | 227 (29.6) | 153 (25.0) | 62 (24.5) | 42 (28.8) | |
| ≥ 40 | 1097 (22.4) | 702 (22.6) | 196 (25.6) | 115 (18.8) | 61 (24.1) | 23 (15.8) | |
| Diabetes duration, mean (SD), years | 6.8 (6.6) | 6.6 (6.3) | 6.6 (6.5) | 7.2 (6.9) | 8.6 (8.5) | 7.5 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration, categories (%) | 0.037 | ||||||
| 0–4 | 2210 (45.5) | 1411 (45.6) | 361 (47.3) | 278 (45.6) | 97 (39.8) | 63 (44.1) | |
| 5–9 | 1345 (27.9) | 896 (29.0) | 205 (26.8) | 151 (24.8) | 63 (25.8) | 39 (27.3) | |
| ≥ 10 | 1289 (26.6) | 785 (25.4) | 198 (25.9) | 181 (29.7) | 84 (34.4) | 41 (28.7) | |
| Cardiovascular disease (%) | 667 (13.6) | 485 (15.6) | 74 (9.7) | 56 (9.1) | 25 (9.8) | 27 (18.5) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 4073 (83.3) | 2595 (83.4) | 676 (88.3) | 486 (79.2) | 195 (76.5) | 121 (82.9) | <0.001 |
| Insulin use (%) | 741 (15.2) | 422 (13.6) | 140 (18.3) | 108 (17.6) | 49 (19.2) | 22 (15.1) | 0.001 |
| Metformin use (%) | 2965 (60.6) | 1904 (61.2) | 445 (58.1) | 372 (60.6) | 161 (63.1) | 83 (56.9) | 0.401 |
| Sulfonylurea use (%) | 2210 (45.2) | 1364 (43.8) | 350 (45.7) | 310 (50.5) | 122 (47.8) | 64 (43.8) | 0.038 |
| Thiazolidinedione use (%) | 1271 (26.0) | 873 (28.1) | 207 (27.0) | 116 (18.9) | 39 (15.3) | 36 (24.7) | <0.001 |
| No. of diabetes medications (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| 0 | 647 (13.4) | 447 (14.5) | 82 (10.8) | 62 (10.2) | 34 (13.6) | 22 (15.3) | |
| 1 | 1912 (39.5) | 1171 (38.0) | 309 (40.7) | 277 (45.6) | 103 (41.0) | 52 (36.1) | |
| 2 | 1601 (33.1) | 995 (32.3) | 284 (37.4) | 191 (31.4) | 83 (33.1) | 48 (33.3) | |
| ≥ 3 | 684 (14.1) | 469 (15.2) | 84 (11.1) | 78 (12.8) | 31 (12.4) | 22 (15.3) | |
| Diabetes Treatment Intensity (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| No medications | 721 (14.7) | 489 (15.7) | 94 (12.3) | 72 (11.7) | 39 (15.3) | 27 (18.5) | |
| 1 non-insulin medication | 1669 (34.1) | 1054 (33.9) | 251 (32.8) | 233 (38.0) | 86 (33.7) | 45 (30.8) | |
| 2 non-insulin medications | 1358 (27.8) | 856 (27.5) | 227 (29.6) | 167 (27.2) | 68 (26.7) | 40 (27.4) | |
| 3+ non-insulin medications | 403 (8.2) | 290 (9.3) | 54 (7.1) | 34 (5.5) | 13 (5.1) | 12 (8.2) | |
| Insulin (with or without other meds) | 741 (15.2) | 422 (13.6) | 140 (18.3) | 108 (17.6) | 49 (19.2) | 22 (15.1) | |
*
N (% of column) or mean (SD)
†
Tested using chi-squared tests for categorical variables or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables
AI/AN, American Indian or Alaskan Native.