Table 1.
Changes in Sleep, Sleep Cognitions and Mental Health Between 6-month Follow-up and the COVID Time Period (N=112)
| Variables | Baseline Mean (SD) |
6 months Mean (SD) |
Covid Survey Mean (SD) |
Δ from 6 months to Covid |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insomnia and Sleep Characteristics | ||||
| Insomnia Severity (ISI) | 15.11 (4.87) | 10.08 (4.62) | 8.95 (6.00) | *−1.05 (5.30) |
| Sleep Quality (PSQI) | 9.82 (3.84) | 7.59 (3.60) | 8.21 (3.95) | 0.53 (1.49) |
| Sleep Latency (PSQI) (minutes) | 36.07 (41.32) | 23.82 (22.70) | 24.62 (23.80) | 2.02 (23.69) |
| Sleep Efficiency (PSQI) (%) | 77.68 (14.64) | 81.41 (13.06) | 78.97 (20.51) | −2.96 (23.40) |
| Sleep Duration (PSQI) (hours) | 7.16 (2.01) | 7.57 (1.28) | 7.05 (2.17) | *−0.59 (2.36) |
| Sleep Disturbance T-score (PROMIS) | 55.82 (7.53) | 51.72 (7.15) | 51.23 (9.81) | −0.09 (8.91) |
| Sleep Impairment T-score (PROMIS) | 53.49 (8.55) | 43.47 (10.76) | 50.05 (8.71) | ***6.77 (10.41) |
| Daytime Symptoms | ||||
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | 14.39 (7.19) | 12.51 (7.16) | 12.73 (7.57) | 0.25 (6.16) |
| Anxiety T-score (PROMIS) | 51.30 (8.64) | 49.10 (9.25) | 50.29 (9.80) | 1.38 (7.94) |
| Depression T-score (PROMIS) | 49.68 (8.10) | 48.45 (8.80) | 48.74 (8.99) | 0.32 (5.87) |
| Sleep Related Cognitions | ||||
| Sleep Disturbance (SDQ) | 5.18 (1.52) | 4.56 (1.49) | 4.41 (1.55) | −0.16 (1.46) |
| Dysfunctional Beliefs & Attitudes about Sleep | 2.92(0.70) | 2.55 (0.74) | 2.51 (0.70) | −0.02 (0.52) |
ISI: Insomnia Severity Index; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (higher score = poorer sleep quality); SDQ: Sleep Disturbance Questionnaire; DBAS: Dysfunctional Beliefs & Attitudes about Sleep Scale; PROMIS™ = Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement System; Significance of changed variables (Δ) are tested using paired t-test and ***, **, and * indicate p-values of <.001, <.01, and <.05 respectively.