Table 1.

Descriptive Data for All Measures

	Mother-Child Dyads				Father-Child Dyads				T-tests
	M	SD	Range	N	M	SD	Range	N	t	p
Time 1, Age 8 Months
Parental Personality
Agreeableness	36.03	5.16	16.00–46.00	198	32.06	5.47	18.00–45.00	199	7.35	< .001
Neuroticism	20.87	7.58	4.00–42.00	198	17.45	7.88	0.00–38.00	199	4.78	< .001
Empathy	4.02	0.54	2.07–5.00	198	3.71	0.52	2.21–5.00	199	5.83	< .001
Anger/Hostility	2.18	0.62	1.00–3.75	198	2.09	0.59	1.00–3.60	199	1.51	.13
Time 2, Age 16 Months
Parental IWMs of Child
Explicit
Pre-mentalizing Mode (PRFQ) a	1.45	0.47	1.00–3.67	185	1.62	0.76	1.00–7.00	181	−2.69	.008
Resentment of Child (PSI)	93.56	17.70	55.00–166.00	185	92.30	16.67	50.00–147.00	182	−1.62	.107
Explicit Negative IWM of Child b	0.00	0.65	−1.27–3.41	185	0.00	0.72	−1.67–2.40	182	-	-
Implicit Negative IWM of Child (Negative Relational Schema, FMSS) c	0.00	0.61	−0.68–1.95	194	0.00	0.58	−0.63–2.37	186	-	-
Observed Parenting Measures
Positive Affect	8.33	2.57	−3.20–14.00	193	7.54	2.37	0.40–15.20	186	3.41	.001
Responsiveness	4.98	0.56	3.20–6.20	193	4.84	0.60	2.40–6.00	186	2.94	.004
Power-Assertive Control	1.91	0.85	0.80–4.60	193	2.44	1.09	1.00–5.00	186	−5.63	< .001

Note.

^aData presented for non-standardized items for clarity.

^bA composite of standardized measures, as used in the analyses.

^cA composite of standardized items, as used in the analyses; see the method section for the unstandardized raw scores. Mothers’ raw scores of implicit negative IWMs were higher than fathers’, t(185) = 3.22, p < .001.

PRFQ = Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire. PSI = Parenting Stress Index. IWM = Internal working model. FMSS = Five-Minute Speech Sample.