Microbiome-humanized C57BL/6 mice were fed a chow diet (n=4–8) or Western diet (n=11–24) with or without colesevelam for 20 weeks. (A-C) Hepatic mRNA expression of (A) Tnf-α, (B) Ccl2, and (C) F4/80. (D-E) Representative liver sections after (D) hematoxylin and eosin staining (bar size = 100 μm) and (E) after Oil Red O staining (bar size = 100 μm). (F) Hepatic triglyceride content. (G) Insulin tolerance test. Results expressed as mean ± s.e.m. P values are determined by One-way ANOVA with Holm’s post-hoc test (A-B) or Mann-Whitney test (C, F-G). *P<0.05. Ccl2, chemokine C-C motif ligand-2; Tnf-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.