Table 1.
Summary of additional Pseudomonas syringae effector functional analyses for virulence activity
| Effector | Pathovar/strain | Host process(es) targeted | Mechanism of action | Host target(s) or decoys (in bold) |
Methods utilized* | References† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AvrB | glycinea/race 0 | PTI | Promotes phosphorylation | RIN4, RAR1 | GoF, T3D, AMT, Y2H, TP, SA, MP, CoIP, IVvE |
1–6 |
| AvrE | tomsto/DC3000 | PTI, symptom formation | Unknown | Unknown | LoF, SM, PM, C, GoF, AMT | 7,8 |
| AvrPto | tomsto/JL1065, DC3000 | PTI, PRR signalling, ethylene production, miRNA processing |
Kinase inhibition, PRR complex disruption |
Pto, FLS2, BAK1, EFR | LoF, SM, PM, GoF, T3D, AMT, TP, PT, MP, SP, SA, IVtE, IVvE, IVPD, CoIP, BiFC, SPR, Y2H |
9–22 |
| AvrRpm 1 | maculicola/M2 | PTI | Promotes phosphorylation | RIN4 | LoF, SM, CoIP, IVvE, TP | 23–25 |
| AvrRps4 | pisi1/151 | PTI | Unknown | Unknown | GoF, T3D, TP | 26 |
| AvrRpt2 | tomsto/JL1065 | ETI, PTI, auxin production | Cysteine protease | RIN4 | GoF, T3D, TP, IVvE, AMT, H, MP, HE, IVPD, IVtE, PT |
23, 25, 27–38 |
| AvrPphB | phaseolicola/ races 3 and 4 | Unknown | Cysteine protease | PBS1 | GoF, AMT, H, IVtE, MP, CoIP, HE, SA, IVvE |
39–42 |
| HopAI1 | tomsto/0288–9 | PTI, MAP kinase signalling | Phosphothreonine lyase | MPK3/MPK6 | LoF, SM, GoF, TP, PT, IVPD, CoIP, IVtE |
43, 44 |
| HopAM1 | tomsto/DC3000 | PTI, ABA response, salt stress response |
Unknown | Unknown | GoF, T3D, TP | 45 |
| HopA01 | tomato/DC3000 | Avirulence-associated cell death | Protein tyrosine phosphatase | Unknown | LoF, SM, C, GoF, T3D, AMT, TP, H, IVtE |
46–48 |
| HopI1 | tomsto/DC3000 | SA accumulation | J domain activity | Unknown | LoF, SM, C, H, TP, AMT, HE, MP | 49 |
| HopM1 | tomsto/DC3000 | PTI, symptom formation | Promotes degradation of host proteins, mechanism unknown |
MIN7 | LoF, SM, PM, C, GoF, TP, Y2H, CoIP, AMT, MP |
50–52 |
| HopN1 | tomsto/DC3000 | Virulence- and avirulence-associated cell death |
Cysteine protease | Unknown | LoF, SM, GoF,T3D, H, IVtE | 41, 53 |
| HopU1 | tomsto/DC3000 | Avirulence-associated cell death, PTI |
ADP-ribosyltransferase | GRP7 | LoF, SM, C, H, GoF, AMT, TP, IVtE, IVvE, MP |
54 |
| HopZ2 | pisi/895A | Unknown | Cysteine protease | Unknown | H, IVtE, GoF, T3D, AMT | 55, 56 |
AMT, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation; BiFC, bimolecular fluorescent complementation; C, complementation; CoIP, co-immunoprecipitation; CT, candidate target; GoF, gain of function; H, homology; HE, heterologous expression; IVPD, in vitro pull-down; IVtE, in vitro enzymatic activity assay; IVvE, in vivo enzymatic activity assay; LoF, loss of function; MP, mutant plants; PM, polymutant; PT, protoplast transformation; Rl, RNA interference; SA, structural analysis; SM, single mutant; SP, silenced plants; SPR, surface plasmon resonance; T3D, type III secretion system delivery; TP, transgenic plants; Y2H, yeast two hybrid.
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