Term	Definition
Adverse outcome pathway	Conceptual construct that portrays existing knowledge concerning the linkage between a direct molecular initiating event (e.g., a molecular interaction between a xenobiotic and a specific biomolecule) and an adverse outcome at a biological level of organization relevant to risk assessment.
Bioinformatics	The collection, organization, storage, analysis, and synthesis of biological information using computers commonly applied to -omics data such as molecular genetics, genomics, and proteomics.
Cytotoxic burst	Stress responses are activated in a nonspecific way at concentrations close to cell death.
One Health	Collaborative effort of multiple disciplines—working locally, nationally, and globally—to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment.
Species extrapolation	The act of using existing knowledge about one species to estimate, predict, project, or infer the effect, impact, or trajectory of another species.
Species sensitivity distribution	A cumulative probability distribution of a chemical’s toxicity measurements obtained from single-species bioassays of various species that can be used to estimate the ecotoxicological impacts of a chemical.
Systematic literature review	A predefined, systematic method whereby literature is assembled, reviewed, and assessed using standardized techniques.
Taxonomic domain of applicability	In the context of the adverse outcome pathway framework, it defines how broadly across taxa/species/subspecies the pathway knowledge is applicable based on conservation of structure and function.
Toxicokinetics	The rate of uptake, excretion, and metabolism of a chemical in an organism.
Toxicodynamics	The dynamic interaction of a chemical with a biological target resulting in a biological effect.
New approach methodologies (NAMs)	An umbrella term used to capture approaches or assays that reduce animal use and improve toxicokinetic or toxicodynamic knowledge of chemicals. They include in silico, in chemico, in vitro assays, omics, and toxicokinetic and exposure prediction.
Metabarcoding	The barcoding of DNA/RNA for the simultaneous identification of many taxa within the same sample.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)	An intergovernmental economic organisation with 37 member countries that works cooperatively to establish evidence-based international standards and find solutions to an array of social, economic, and environmental challenges.
Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)	A regulation of the European Union that was adopted to improve the protection of human health and the environment from the risks that can be posed by chemicals.