Table 4.
Weighted Sample Characteristics by Country of Origin, 2019 American Community Survey (n = 152,441).
| Full Sample (n = 152,441) |
All Other Countries (n = 71.920) |
Mexico (n =23,165) |
China (n = 8939) |
India (n = 7821) |
Philippines (n = 12,567) |
El Salvador (n = 2943) |
Vietnam (n = 9090) |
Cuba (n = 5211) |
Dominican Republic (n = 2683) |
Korea (n =6626) |
Guatemala (n = 1476) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | M (SD) or % | M (SD) or % | M (SD) or % | M (SD) or % |
M (SD) or % |
M (SD) or % | M (SD) or % | M (SD) or % | M (SD) or % |
M (SD) or % | M (SD) or % |
M (SD) or % |
| Health insurance type | ||||||||||||
| Any health insurance | 97.5 | 98.2 | 92.8 | 99.0 | 99.0 | 98.9 | 95.5 | 99.2 | 99.1 | 97.5 | 98.9 | 94.4 |
| Private insurance | 48.3 | 42.3 | 20.5 | 28.6 | 46.5 | 53.7 | 23.4 | 29.2 | 14.9 | 20.1 | 34.4 | 26.3 |
| Medicaid | 29.6 | 23.6 | 37.7 | 38.9 | 18.2 | 19.5 | 39.3 | 39.3 | 48.9 | 57.6 | 28.5 | 38.6 |
| Medicare | 31.1 | 90.8 | 87.1 | 94.1 | 91.5 | 92.0 | 88.0 | 94.9 | 96.7 | 93.5 | 95.2 | 86.6 |
| Medicare and Medicaid | 29.6 | 23.6 | 37.7 | 38.9 | 18.2 | 19.5 | 39.3 | 39.3 | 48.9 | 57.6 | 28.5 | 38.6 |
| Health difficulties | ||||||||||||
| Any difficulty | 27.1 | 25.4 | 32.2 | 25.2 | 22.4 | 26.6 | 32.1 | 31.1 | 31.2 | 35.0 | 20.4 | 25.7 |
| Cognitive difficulty | 7.8 | 7.2 | 8.9 | 7.2 | 5.1 | 6.4 | 8.2 | 11.5 | 12.1 | 11.4 | 5.0 | 8.2 |
| Physical difficulty | 17.6 | 16.4 | 21.5 | 15.4 | 14.5 | 17.1 | 21.2 | 19.5 | 20.7 | 24.1 | 12.6 | 17.8 |
| Independent living difficulty | 13.1 | 12.2 | 14.8 | 13.4 | 10.8 | 12.8 | 13.5 | 17.2 | 14.4 | 17.0 | 10.0 | 11.1 |
| Care difficulty | 7.3 | 7.1 | 8.6 | 6.7 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 7.3 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 11.1 | 4.5 | 6.4 |
| Sensory difficulty | 11.3 | 10.2 | 15.2 | 10.4 | 9.3 | 11.1 | 13.3 | 13.1 | 11.6 | 13.6 | 9.0 | 8.7 |
| Sight difficulty | 5.6 | 4.9 | 8.7 | 4.2 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 8.9 | 5.9 | 7.0 | 9.3 | 3.8 | 5.3 |
| Hearing difficulty | 7.7 | 6.8 | 10.0 | 7.9 | 7.3 | 8.4 | 7.5 | 9.7 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 6.3 | 5.3 |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Age | 71.63 (.02) | 71.50 (.03) | 71.13 (.05) | 72.78 (.09) | 71.52 (.08) | 71.71 (.07) | 70.61 (.12) | 72.05 (.08) | 73.32 (.10) | 71.27 (.13) | 72.30 (.09) | 70.51 (.17) |
| Female sex | 55.2 | 55.0 | 53.6 | 52.9 | 48.2 | 63.2 | 61.2 | 54.6 | 50.2 | 58.4 | 60.7 | 53.8 |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Married, spouse present | 28.2 | 58.0 | 56.2 | 66.8 | 72.8 | 59.6 | 41.7 | 59.9 | 46.9 | 39.4 | 65.5 | 46.9 |
| Married, spouse absent | 3.7 | 3.1 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 2.5 | 5.2 | 3.1 | 6.0 |
| Separated | 3.0 | 2.8 | 4.4 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 5.4 | 2.2 | 4.1 | 8.8 | 1.8 | 5.9 |
| Divorced | 11.1 | 13.2 | 7.9 | 7.0 | 4.6 | 8.8 | 13.0 | 8.4 | 19.4 | 20.5 | 9.3 | 13.2 |
| Widowed | 18.1 | 17.3 | 20.3 | 17.7 | 16.1 | 19.5 | 17.4 | 18.6 | 19.5 | 16.4 | 18.8 | 17.2 |
| Never married/Single | 5.8 | 5.6 | 6.9 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 6.2 | 17.7 | 5.8 | 7.7 | 9.8 | 1.6 | 10.9 |
| Immigration variables | ||||||||||||
| Age at migration | ||||||||||||
| 18–24 years old | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 16.3 | 13.4 | 10.8 | 8.4 | 10.8 | 15.8 | 13.1 | 7.4 | 9.2 |
| 25–34 years old | 29.6 | 29.8 | 26.2 | 38.1 | 24.6 | 29.2 | 26.3 | 38.5 | 27.2 | 38.6 | 23.5 | 29.7 |
| 35–44 years old | 40.8 | 40.5 | 40.0 | 33.6 | 40.5 | 38.5 | 53.9 | 45.6 | 41.2 | 38.9 | 47.5 | 44.6 |
| 45–54 years old | 17.5 | 17.7 | 21.6 | 12.0 | 21.5 | 21.5 | 11.3 | 5.1 | 15.9 | 9.5 | 21.6 | 16.6 |
| Year of immigration | ||||||||||||
| 1971–1979 | 38.7 | 28.7 | 45.2 | 26.1 | 45.2 | 41.7 | 34.4 | 31.0 | 24.5 | 26.4 | 48.1 | 38.5 |
| 1980–1989 | 34.9 | 24.8 | 31.5 | 40.3 | 29.8 | 34.7 | 47.3 | 30.4 | 43.7 | 40.6 | 35.4 | 42.0 |
| 1990–2000 | 26.4 | 26.5 | 23.3 | 33.6 | 24.9 | 23.7 | 18.3 | 38.6 | 31.8 | 32.9 | 16.4 | 19.5 |
| Presidential administration during immigration | ||||||||||||
| Nixon (R) | 13.4 | 13.6 | 16.5 | 9.2 | 16.5 | 16.4 | 8.2 | 3.9 | 12.7 | 7.4 | 15.7 | 12.8 |
| Ford (R) | 13.1 | 12.0 | 15.5 | 8.4 | 16.2 | 14.6 | 11.4 | 18 | 5.6 | 7.5 | 18.8 | 14.4 |
| Carter (D) | 19.6 | 19.6 | 20.9 | 13.6 | 17.4 | 16.0 | 26.7 | 17.2 | 31.7 | 18.6 | 20.4 | 19.2 |
| Reagan (R) | 24.2 | 24.7 | 21.1 | 30.5 | 22.2 | 26.2 | 32.8 | 19.8 | 15.6 | 29.6 | 25.8 | 30.6 |
| Bush (R) | 12.8 | 13.2 | 10.5 | 16.4 | 9.8 | 11.8 | 10.0 | 20.7 | 11.7 | 16.3 | 9.6 | 10.4 |
| Clinton (D) | 16.9 | 17.0 | 15.6 | 21.8 | 18.0 | 15.0 | 10.8 | 20.4 | 22.7 | 20.6 | 9.7 | 12.6 |
| Years in the U.S. | 34.01 (.03) | 33.94 (.04) | 34.93 (.09) | 31.74 (.12) | 34.70 (.14) | 34.60 (.10) | 34.57 (.17) | 32.38 (.12) | 32.94 (.16) | 32.17 (.19) | 35.91 (.13) | 34.77 (.29) |
| Citizenship status | ||||||||||||
| Naturalized citizen | 79.2 | 82.3 | 53.1 | 87.3 | 90.3 | 90.6 | 68.1 | 94.1 | 84.1 | 78.0 | 86.9 | 68.6 |
| Non-citizen | 20.8 | 17.7 | 46.9 | 12.7 | 9.7 | 9.4 | 31.9 | 5.9 | 15.9 | 22.0 | 13.1 | 31.4 |
| English Proficiency | ||||||||||||
| Does not speak English | 14.3 | 5.7 | 35.2 | 26.2 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 26.2 | 15.8 | 29.8 | 36.1 | 9.1 | 17.4 |
| Speaks English poorly | 25.2 | 18.6 | 33.5 | 36.1 | 12.9 | 9.7 | 40.1 | 43.8 | 33.8 | 37.1 | 40.6 | 39.9 |
| Speaks English well/Very well | 44.1 | 46.4 | 26.8 | 33.2 | 72.3 | 81.9 | 29.8 | 36.1 | 31.7 | 22.5 | 43.3 | 38.3 |
| Only speaks English | 16.4 | 29.3 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 9.4 | 7.6 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 7.0 | 4.4 |
| Socioeconomic attainment | ||||||||||||
| Educational attainment | ||||||||||||
| No school | 9.2 | 6.0 | 19.3 | 12.1 | 4.6 | 2.1 | 17.5 | 17.2 | 5.4 | 10.6 | 4.6 | 14.1 |
| Less than high school | 23.4 | 13.8 | 54.7 | 24.1 | 90.0 | 7.7 | 49.0 | 19.1 | 33.6 | 49.7 | 12.9 | 43.3 |
| High school or GED | 27.7 | 32.3 | 17.2 | 25 | 17.8 | 21.2 | 20.7 | 34.1 | 35.6 | 24.3 | 36 | 26.9 |
| Some college | 12.6 | 15.7 | 5.0 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 17.8 | 7.7 | 14.6 | 10.6 | 7.2 | 12.5 | 8.1 |
| College degree or more | 27.1 | 32.2 | 3.9 | 28.9 | 58.8 | 51.2 | 5.2 | 15.1 | 14.8 | 8.2 | 34.1 | 7.6 |
| Income | ||||||||||||
| < $25,000 | 24.7 | 23.2 | 29.5 | 30.5 | 9.6 | 1.9 | 23.4 | 25.0 | 41.1 | 43.5 | 32 | 23.5 |
| $25,000 to 34,999 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 11.0 | 8.3 | 4.3 | 6.3 | 10.2 | 7.4 | 11.4 | 10.0 | 8.8 | 12.0 |
| $35,000 to 49,999 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 12.9 | 9.3 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 13.5 | 10.4 | 11.5 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 13.4 |
| $50,000 to 74,999 | 15.1 | 15.2 | 17.7 | 12.4 | 12.8 | 14.2 | 18.2 | 15.3 | 12.5 | 12.8 | 13 | 16.0 |
| $75,000 to 99,999 | 11.0 | 11.3 | 10.8 | 9.5 | 10.0 | 13.9 | 12.5 | 11.5 | 8.0 | 8.2 | 10.4 | 10.9 |
| $100,000 to $149,999 | 13.7 | 13.8 | 11.7 | 12.8 | 17.4 | 19.2 | 13.0 | 14.7 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 11.5 | 12.7 |
| > $150,000 | 15.8 | 16.7 | 6.5 | 17.3 | 37.7 | 26.9 | 9.1 | 15.7 | 6.2 | 5.6 | 14.2 | 11.5 |
Note. “D” = Democratic Party; “R” = Republican Party.