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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 12.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Surg. 2022 Jul 18;277(6):e1387–e1396. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005599

Figure 4. Odor enrichment mitigates the anesthesia/surgery-induced reductions in OMP and GAP43 amounts in the olfactory epithelium and decreases in PSD95 and synaptophysin amounts in the hippocampus of mice.

Figure 4.

Effects of anesthesia/surgery plus odor enrichment on amounts of OMP detected by western blot (a, b) and expression of OMP-positive cells detected by immunohistochemistry (c, d) olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity of mice at 12 hours after the anesthesia/surgery. Effects of anesthesia/surgery plus odor enrichment on the expression of GAP43-positive cells detected by immunohistochemistry (e, f) in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity of mice 12 hours after the anesthesia/surgery. Effects of anesthesia/surgery plus odor enrichment on amounts of PSD95 (g, h) and synaptophysin (i, j) in the hippocampus of mice at 11 days after the anesthesia/surgery. OMP, olfactory marker protein; GAP43, growth-associated protein 43; PSD95, postsynaptic density protein 95; SEM, standard error of mean. Data are presented as means ± SEM, and Student’s test was used to analyze the data in panels b, d, f, h, and j; P values indicate the difference in protein amounts between control and anesthesia/surgery plus odor enrichment groups.