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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Dec 21.
Published in final edited form as: Thorax. 2022 Feb 24;78(1):41–49. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-218068

Table 4.

ORs, adjusted for maternal smoking during pregnancy and child’s sex, of high (≥P75) specific pesticide exposures and childhood respiratory outcomes during last 12 months

Current wheeze (N=62)
 Ever doctor-diagnosed asthma (N=37)
 Current dry cough (N=118)
 Current LRTI (N=15)
OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI
Prenatal metabolites* (n=303)
TCP 1.52 0.81 to 2.79 0.88 0.37 to 1.92 1.11 0.65 to 1.89 1.09 0.29 to 3.31
ETU 1.22 0.63 to 2.28 0.86 0.35 to 1.9 0.91 0.52 to 1.55 1.11 0.3 to 3.39
OHP 0.58 0.27 to 1.15 0.79 0.32 to 1.77 1.04 0.6 to 1.77 0.74 0.17 to 2.42
OHT 0.65 0.31 to 1.27 0.65 0.25 to 1.49 1.08 0.63 to 1.83 0.43 0.07 to 1.61
2,4-D 1.21 0.63 to 2.25 0.46 0.16 to 1.11 0.86 0.5 to 1.48 1.5 0.45 to 4.42
3PBA 1.22 0.64 to 2.27 0.6 0.23 to 1.38 1.15 0.67 to 1.96 0.7 0.16 to 2.31
DCCA 0.81 0.4 to 1.55 0.21 0.05 to 0.62 0.74 0.42 to 1.27 1.06 0.29 to 3.23
∑ Pyrethroid† 1.12 0.58 to 2.09 0.39 0.13 to 0.98 0.91 0.52 to 1.55 1.04 0.28 to 3.17
Child metabolites* (n=293)
TCP 0.94 0.48 to 1.79 1.14 0.5 to 2.46 0.78 0.45 to 1.35 2.05 0.66 to 5.89
ETU 0.58 0.27 to 1.15 0.66 0.25 to 1.53 0.94 0.54 to 1.61 2.09 0.68 to 6.02
OHP 1.21 0.63 to 2.26 1.4 0.62 to 2.97 1.29 0.75 to 2.2 2.1 0.68 to 6.07
OHT 1.17 0.61 to 2.2 1.82 0.84 to 3.8 0.91 0.52 to 1.56 2.03 0.66 to 5.85
2,4-D 0.84 0.42 to 1.61 0.54 0.19 to 1.28 0.76 0.43 to 1.31 1.47 0.45 to 4.32
3PBA 1.72 0.92 to 3.17 1.75 0.81 to 3.66 1.41 0.82 to 2.41 2.7 0.91 to 7.82
DCCA 1.95 1.05 to 3.58 2.09 0.98 to 4.36 1.35 0.79 to 2.31 2.06 0.67 to 5.93
∑ Pyrethroid† 2.37 1.28 to 4.34 2.09 0.98 to 4.36 1.58 0.92 to 2.71 2.78 0.94 to 8.04

ISA study at 5 years of age, Matina County, Costa Rica 2015–2016.

*

Variables dichotomised at 75th percentile; reference: below 75th percentile.

†

∑ Pyrethroid: sum of PBA and DCCA.

2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; ETU, ethylenethiourea; OHP, hydroxypyrimethanil; OHT, 5-hydroxythiabendazole; 3-PBA, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, DCCA: 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; TCP, 3,5,6 trichloro-2-pyridinol.