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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2021 May 23;151:106623. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106623

Table 1 -.

Summary of cervical cancer prevention in modelled countries

Country HPV vaccination Screening
Began1 Screening ages affected in 2020 Approx coverage2 Primary test Recommended interval / ages3 Participation4 Organization
Australia 2007 25–39 y 57% [25–29y] 30% [30–39y] HPV with 16/18 genotyping (since Dec 2017)5 5y / 25–74 54% National register sends an invitation at age 24y 9 months and reminders when overdue for routine screening or surveillance
Netherlands 2009 Not eligible until 2023 0% HPV (since Jan 2017)6 5y / 30–606 82% Regional organization sends invitations at fixed ages (30,35,40,50,60y) or when additional follow-up required
Norway 2009 25–30 y 56–62% [25–29y] Cytology
HPV8 		3y / 25–69
5y / 34–69		 71% National register sends an invitation at age 25 and reminders when due/overdue for routine screening or surveillance
USA 2006 21–40 y 65% [21–24y]
58% [25–29y]
19% [30–39y]		 Cytology
Co-testing8
HPV		 3y / 21–65
5y / 30–65
5y / 30–65		 81% No national level organization. Health provider organizations provide varying levels of organization within their system.
1.

started for target age

2.

restricted to cohorts offered vaccination age-eligible for screening; age in 2020 (16, 56–63)

3.

End age is not a hard stop in Australia, Norway or USA, ie women with an abnormal test at around the end age or without a consistent history of negative tests in the period leading up to the recommended end age are typically kept under surveillance until they meet exit criteria (eg: the abnormality is cleared or treated). In Norway and the USA, HPV-based screening is recommended from a certain start age, and cytology screening recommended for women age-eligible for screening but below the minimum age recommended for HPV-based screening.

4.

Participation at the recommended interval

5.

Colposcopy referral for women with HPV16/18 detected or both HPV (oncogenic type but not 16/18) detected and LBC ≥ ASC-H or glandular abnormalities; women with HPV (not 16/18) detected and LBC <ASC-H are referred for 12m repeat HPV testing.

6.

Colposcopy referral for women with both HPV detected (any oncogenic type) and LBC ≥ ASC-US; women with normal LBC are referred for 6m repeat LBC testing

7.

screening recommended at 65 for women who are HPV-positive at age 60; women who are HPV-negative at age 40 or 50 are recommended to return in 10 years rather than 5.

8.

Colposcopy referral for women with both HPV detected (any oncogenic type) and LBC ≥ ASC-US; HPV-positive women with normal LBC are referred for 12m repeat HPV testing