Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Participants
| By Race | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Non-Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic Black | p-valuea |
|
| |||
| Sample, No. | 2,846 | 589 | |
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | |||
| Mean age in years (SD) | 83.1 (6.6) | 80.2 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| Age category, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||
| 65 to 74 years | 278 (9.8) | 131 (22.2) | |
| 75 to 84 years | 1,314 (46.2) | 278 (47.2) | |
| 85 or older | 1,254 (44.0) | 180 (30.6) | |
| Sex, No. (%) | 0.2 | ||
| Male | 1,085 (38.1) | 208 (35.3) | |
| Female | 1,761 (61.9) | 381 (64.7) | |
| Received an ADRD diagnosis, No. (%) | 893 (31.4) | 140 (23.8) | <0.001 |
| Income category, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Poor/near poor (quartile 1) | 566 (19.9) | 269 (46.0) | |
| Low (quartile 2) | 698 (24.5) | 164 (27.8) | |
| Middle (quartile 3) | 766 (26.9) | 92 (15.6) | |
| High (quartile 4) | 816 (28.7) | 64 (10.9) | |
| Level of Education, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||
| High School or less | 989 (34.8) | 393 (66.7) | |
| Some college or Associate’s degree | 1,046 (36.8) | 124 (21.1) | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 485 (17.0) | 36 (6.1) | |
| Graduate or advanced degree | 326 (11.5) | 36 (6.1) | |
| Marital status, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Never Married | 67 (2.4) | 21 (3.6) | |
| Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 1,579 (55.5) | 388 (65.9) | |
| Married | 1,200 (42.2) | 180 (30.6) | |
| Health Status | |||
| No. with hypertension diagnosis (%) | 1,790 (62.9) | 452 (76.7) | <0.001 |
| No. with mental health diagnosis (%) | 590 (20.7) | 109 (18.5) | 0.2 |
| No. with diabetes diagnosis (%) | 558 (19.6) | 186 (31.6) | <0.001 |
| No. with respiratory illness diagnosis (%) | 424 (14.9) | 47 (8.0) | <0.001 |
| No. with cardiovascular diagnosisb (%) | 1,220 (42.9) | 208 (35.3) | <0.01 |
| No. with stroke diagnosis (%) | 604 (21.2) | 114 (19.4) | 0.3 |
| No. with cancer diagnosis (%) | 572 (20.1) | 82 (13.9) | <0.01 |
| Functional Status | |||
| Mean No. of ADLs (SD) | 1.2 (1.6) | 1.3 (1.7) | 0.2 |
| Mean No. of IADLs (SD) | 1.4 (1.7) | 1.5 (1.7) | 0.5 |
| Heath Service Use | |||
| Mean No. of ambulatory EM visits in year before onset (SD) | 9.3 (9.4) | 7.2 (8.7) | <0.001 |
| Mean No. of hospitalizations in 1 year before onset (SD) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.7 |
| Caregiving hours, No. (%) | 0.06 | ||
| None | 1,577 (55.4) | 314 (55.3) | |
| Moderate (1–13 hours per week) | 613 (21.5) | 113 (19.2) | |
| High (14 or more hours per week) | 656 (23.1) | 162 (27.5) | |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; EM, evaluation and management
a:
t-test used to compare means, Chi-squared test used to compare proportions
b:
Includes heart failure and myocardial infarction