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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 15.
Published in final edited form as: Front Ophthalmol (Lausanne). 2022 Aug 26;2:989002. doi: 10.3389/fopht.2022.989002

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Visual signals in the first- and the second-order neurons in the retina. (A) A representative visual signal in photoreceptors. Photoreceptors hyperpolarize when illuminated and depolarize at light offset. The bar color indicates the timing of dark (black) and light (yellow) stimuli. (B) An OFF bipolar cell hyperpolarizes when illuminated. The signal is transferred from photoreceptors via ionotropic glutamate receptors (light blue) and the sign of the signal is preserved. (C) An ON bipolar cell depolarizes when illuminated. The signal is transferred from photoreceptors through metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR6, green) and the sign of the signal is inverted.