Table 1.
Case-control studies participating in the InterLymph study of herbicidesa
| Study abbreviation (citation) | LAMMCC (Nuyujukian et al. 2014) | LANHL (Bernstein et al. 1992) | Italian Multicenter (Miligi et al. 2003) | Yale (Zhang et al. 2004, Koutros et al. 2009) | NCI-SEER (Hartge et al. 2005) | Epilymph (Cocco et al. 2013) | NSW (Fritschi et al. 2005) | ENGELA (Orsi et al. 2009) | Mayo (Cerhan et al. 2011) | BCMM (Weber et al. 2018) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Location(s) | USA: Los Angeles County | USA: Los Angeles County | Italy: Firenze, Forli, Imperia, Latina, Novara, Ragusa, Siena, Torino, Verona | USA: Connecticut | USA: Detroit, Iowa, Los Angeles County, Seattle | Europe: Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Spain | Australia: New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory | France: Bordeaux, Brest, Caen, Lille, Nantes, Toulouse | USA: Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin | Canada: British Columbia |
| Case diagnosis years | 1980–1990 | 1988–1991 | 1990–1994 | 1996–2002 | 1998–2000 | 1998–2003 | 1999–2001 | 2000–2004 | 2002–2012 | 2009–2013 |
| Source of controls | Population | Population | Population | Population | Population | Population or Hospital | Population | Hospital | Clinic | Population |
| Control matching to cases | Pair-matched by age, sex, race, neighborhood | Pair-matched by age, sex, race, neighborhood | Frequency-matched by age, sex | Frequency-matched by age; females only | Frequency-matched by age, sex, race | Pair-matched or frequency-matched by age, sex, region | Frequency-matched by age, sex, region | Pair-matched by age, sex, region | Frequency-matched by age, sex, region | Frequency-matched by age, sex |
| Participants queried regarding occupational pesticides | All | All | Ever worked in agriculture | All | All | All | Ever worked as farmer, pesticide applicator, or gardener | Ever worked as farmer or gardener for at least 6 months | Ever worked on a farm or with pesticides for >1 year | Ever lived on a farm or worked in agriculture, gardening, parks, golf courses, or forestry |
| Basis for pesticide use classification | Self-report (closed-ended questions on pesticides exposed to at work) | Self-report (open-ended question on pesticides directly exposed to at work) | Expert-assessment (open-ended questions on products used at work and additional farming questionnaire; responses checked against a crop-exposure matrix) | Self-report (open-ended questions on exposures at work or home and additional farming questionnaire for pesticides handled, with provided list of frequently used pesticides as a prompt) | Self-report (open-ended question on chemicals/materials handled at work) | Expert-assessment (open-ended questions on products used at work and additional job-specific module farming questionnaire; responses checked against product availability dates and a crop-exposure matrix, with the support of agronomists) | Expert-assessment (open-ended questions on specific pesticides personally mixed or applied from job-specific questionnaire; responses checked against product availability dates and a crop-exposure matrix) – any herbicides and phenoxy herbicides only; other herbicides assessed by self-report | Expert-assessment (open-ended questions about products used at work and additional farming questionnaire; responses checked against product availability dates, type and size of crops, geographic location, and treatment frequency) | Self-report (closed-ended questions on pesticides personally mixed or applied) | Self-report (open-ended questions on pesticides personally applied, mixed, or loaded at work or when living on a farm) |
| Included in the pooled study (Ns) | ||||||||||
| Cases | 275 | 368 | 1243 | 773 | 1189 | 2000 | 688 | 404 | 1898 | 391 |
| Controls | 278 | 372 | 1142 | 706 | 982 | 2462 | 683 | 447 | 2183 | 371 |
| Case subtypes (% of all cases) | ||||||||||
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma/mantle cell lymphoma/prolymphocytic leukemia (CLL/SLL) | 0% | 0% | 9.3% | 8.5% | 14.2% | 23.8% | 7.4% | 24.3% | 34.8% | 0% |
| Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) | 0% | 35.9% b | 21.2% | 24.3% | 30.8% | 25.6% | 33.3% | 26.5% | 19.1% | 0% |
| Follicular lymphoma (FL) | 0% | 10.6% | 8.2% | 17.6% | 24.6% | 12.5% | 36.2% | 12.4% | 24.7% | 0% |
| Multiple myeloma (MM) | 100% | 0% | 14.2% | 23.2% | 0% | 13.8% | 0% | 13.9% | 0% | 100% |
| Other B-cell lymphoma (OBCL) | 0% | 27.2% | 2.6% | 7.6% | 14.8% | 17.4% | 15.4% | 14.9% | 10.2% | 0% |
| T-cell lymphoma (TCL) | 0% | 0.3% | 4.5% | 4.4% | 6.2% | 6.6% | 3.5% | 5.2% | 4.6% | 0% |
| NOS-unknown (NOS-UNK) | 0% | 26.1% | 39.9% | 14.4% | 9.4% | 0.3% | 4.2% | 3.0% | 6.6% | 0% |
| Control characteristics | ||||||||||
| Age in years (mean [SD]) | 61.2 (9.0) | 51.1 (14.4) | 55.0 (13.7) | 61.3 (14.2) | 58.1 (12.3) | 56.2 (16.0) | 56.3 (12.0) | 52.5 (13.5) | 61.6 (13.1) | 65.6 (8.0) |
| Male gender (%) | 54.7% | 49.2% | 55.4% | 0% | 53.4% | 53.6% | 57.7% | 100% | 53.3% | 57.4% |
| Non-white race or Hispanic ethnicity (%) | 32.0% | 23.9% | 0% | 8.1% | 21.4% | 1.5%c | 12.9% | 0.4% | 2.4% | 9.4% |
| Low socioeconomic status (%) | 46.4% | 32.3% | 57.3% | 36.7% | 37.2% | 45.5% | 33.7% | 27.7% | 23.0% | 29.4% |
| Farming job, ever (%) | 10.4% | 6.5% | 31.4% | 2.1% | 9.5% | 17.1% | 15.1% | 18.1% | 15.6% | 7.0% |
| Occupational pesticide use, ever (%) | 5.0% | 8.3% | 26.7% | 11.9% | 11.2% | 8.5% | 10.5% | 10.5% | 14.2% | 5.1% |
| Occupational insecticide use, ever (%) | 2.2% | 3.8% | 6.3% | 8.2% | 6.7% | 2.0% | 8.6% | 8.3% | 12.1% | 3.8% |
| Occupational herbicide use, ever (%) | 1.4% | 1.6% | 5.2% | 6.2% | 5.2% | 2.0% | 4.8% | 9.4% | 13.6% | 3.5% |
a
Studies are ordered in table by the earliest case diagnosis year
b
The LANHL study included intermediate- and high-grade NHL diagnosed in HIV-negative individuals, to correspond to a concurrent study protocol of HIV-related NHL
c
Assumed non-white race