Table 3:

Adjusted Differential Change in OUD Outcomes, High and Medium vs. Low Telemedicine Groups

	Medium Telemedicine vs. Low		High Telemedicine vs. Low
Continuous Outcomes	Change in Outcome in Post-Pandemic Period (95% CI)	p-value	Change in Outcome in Post-Pandemic Period (95% CI)	p-value
OUD Visit Volume
Total	−0.13 (−0.42 – 0.16)	0.38	−0.01 (−0.28 – 0.26)	0.94
In-person	−0.55 (−0.85 – −0.27)	0.002	−1.51 (−1.79 – −1.24)	<.001
Telemedicine	0.43 (0.37 – 0.49)	<.001	1.51 (1.37 – 1.65)	<.001
MOUD Days-Supply
Among those ≥ 1 MOUD fill	0.29 (−1.09 – 1.68)	0.68	−0.27 (−1.84 – 1.30)	0.73
Binary Outcomes	Odd Ratio (95% CI)	P-value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P-value
MOUD Initiation and Supply
≥ 1 MOUD within 14 days	1.01 (0.87 – 1.16)	0.93	1.00 (0.84 – 1.19)	0.96
≥ 1 MOUD within 90 days	1.00 (0.84 – 1.18)	0.97	0.91 (0.74 – 1.12)	0.38
≥ 1 MOUD fills within 30–90 days	0.79 (0.57 – 1.10)	0.16	1.09 (0.74 – 1.60)	0.67
Healthcare Utilization within 90 Days
Overdose	1.12 (0.66 – 1.91)	0.68	1.14 (0.72 – 1.83)	0.58
Detoxification/Rehabilitation	0.92 (0.45 – 1.88)	0.82	0.84 (0.53 – 1.34)	0.46
Injection-Related Infection	0.91 (0.71 – 1.16)	0.44	0.81 (0.58 – 1.11)	0.19
Any OUD related Event	1.01 (0.72 – 1.36)	0.95	0.95 (0.73 – 1.24)	0.69

OUD: Opioid Use Disorder, MOUD: Medication for Opioid Use Disorder

Continuous outcomes were modeled with linear regressions and binary outcomes were modeled with logistic regressions. Adjusted values in the table are the coefficient on the interaction term, representing the difference in outcomes between low vs. medium and low vs. high telemedicine groups during the pandemic. Each statistical model adjusted for age, documented sex, rurality, insurance type, median household income in county, racial demographics in county, clinician specialty, and state. We clustered standard errors by state.