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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 4.
Published in final edited form as: Public Health Nutr. 2019 Aug 23;23(6):1020–1030. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019002349

Table 2.

Selected characteristics and puberty outcomes according to Mediterranean-like diet adherence in girls aged 9 or 10 years at baseline (2006–2014, n 202), Jersey Girl Study, USA

Total (n 202)
 Low adherence (score 0–3) (n 72, 35·6%)
 Medium adherence (score 4–5) (n 85, 42·1 %)
 High adherence (score 6–9) (n 45, 22·3 %)
n or mean % or sd n or mean % or sd n or mean % or sd n or mean % or sd P value
Year of recruitment
 2008† or earlier     118  58·42  44  61·11  45  52·94  29  64·44   0·38
 2009 or later  84  41·58  28  38·89  40  47·06  16  35·56
Years of follow-up, mean and sd    2·59    1·50    2·61    1·45    2·41    1·45    2·94    1·63   0·16
Child age at baseline (years), mean and sd  10·02    0·58  10·09    0·63    9·97    0·54    9·97    0·54   0·36
Child age at baseline
 9 years  96  47·52  30  41·67  43  50·59  23  51·11   0·53
 10 years   105  51·98  41  56·94  42  49·41  22  48·89
Race
 White   177  87·62  65  90·28  76  89·41  36  80·00   0·09
 Other  22  10·89    6    8·33    7    8·24    9  20·00
Annual family income
 <$US 70 000  19    9·41    8  11·11    9  10·59    2    4·44   0·48
 $US 70 000–84 999  13    6·44    3    4·17    8    9·41    2    4·44
 $US 85 000–99 999  15    7·43    5    6·94    8    9·41    2    4·44
 ≥$US 100 000   140  69·31  53  73·61  53  62·35  34  75·56
Mother’s education
 High school-associate degree  41  20·30  13  18·06  21  24·71    7  15·56   0·46
 Bachelor’s degree  69  34·16  29  40·28  24  28·24  16  35·56
 Master’s degree  61  30·20  23  31·94  24  28·24  14  31·11
 Professional/doctoral degree  31  15·35    7    9·72  16  18·82    8  17·78
Total physical activity (h/week), mean and sd    8·84    6·28    8·80    5·41    9·35    6·78    7·93    6·64   0·48
Total energy intake (kJ/d), mean and sd 7191·33 1609·88 6799·08 1546·49 7421·33 1614·86 7384·51 1601·64   0·03
Total energy intake (kcal/d), mean and sd 1718·77   384·77 1625·02   369·62 1773·74   385·96 1764·94   382·80   0·03
Dietary energy density (kJ/g food, excluding water), mean and sd  19·117    0·766  19·276    0·828  19·171    0·690  18·753    0·682 <0·001
Dietary energy density (kcal/g food, excluding water), mean and sd    4·569    0·183    4·607    0·198    4·582    0·165    4·482    0·163 <0·001
Breast development at baseline
 Yes (Tanner stage 2+)   120  59·41  46  63·89  53  62·35  21  46·67   0·14
 No (Tanner stage 1)  82  40·59  26  36·11  32  37·65  24  53·33
Age at thelarche (years), mean and sd  10·19    1·27  10·25    1·34  10·07    1·18  10·30    1·30   0·52
 Range 7·50–13·83 7·92–13·83 7·50–13·25 8·17–13·50
Age at menarche (years), mean and sd  12·76    1·39  12·80    1·37  12·56    1·33  13·08    1·48   0·18
 Range    8·20–   16·63    8·20–   16·05    9·46–   16·63    9·91–  15·86
Child BMI at baseline (kg/m2), mean and sd  18·04    3·10  17·80    3·27  18·28    3·01  17·98    3·01   0·63
Mother’s age at thelarche
 <8 years    1    0·50    0    0·00    1    1·18    0    0·00   0·01
 8–12 years   120  59·41  37  51·39  52  61·18  31  68·89
 >12 years  51  25·25  26  36·11  21  24·71    4    8·89
 Missing  30  14·85    9  12·5  11  12·94  10  22·22
Mother’s age at menarche
 <12 years  39  19·31  12  16·67  19  22·35    8  17·78   0·85
 12·13 years   128  63·37  46  63·89  54  63·53  28  62·22
 ≥14 years  26  12–87  10  13·89    9  10·59    7  15·56

Data are presented as n and % unless indicated otherwise. Categories may not total to 100 % due to missing values.

P values for means from ANOVA; for frequencies from χ2 test; for mother’s age at thelarche from Fisher’s exact test. Statistical significance at P < 0·05.

†

2008 was the approximate median year of recruitment for the study.