Table 1.

Demographics and clinical characteristics.

	All (n=515)	HFpEF (n=124)	AF (n=193)	HFpEF+AF (n=198)	p value
Age, years	71 ± 12	66 ± 14*	71 ± 9*	74 ± 12*	<0.001
Female sex	56 %	57 %	52 %	58 %	0.42
Obesity	26 %	33 %	23 %	25 %	0.13
Heart rate, bpm	71 ±18	68 ±14	72 ± 20	73 ± 19	0.06
Hypertension	82 %	84 %	79 %	83 %	0.44
Hypercholesterolemia	38 %	35 %	35 %	44 %	0.09
Diabetes mellitus	30 %	35 %	23 %	34 %	0.03
Chronic kidney disease	20 %	31 %	8 %	25 %	<0.001
COPD	14 %	11 %	6 %	22 %	<0.001
Previous myocardial infarction	7 %	11 %	3 %	8%	0.005
Previous stroke	7 %	7 %	5 %	10 %	0.12
Peripheral vascular disease	12 %	13 %	7 %	16 %	0.03
Dyspnea	47 %	52 %	36 %	55 %	<0.001
Chest pain	55 %	55 %	48 %	63 %	0.009
Palpitations	36 %	23 %	38 %	41 %	0.003
Hemoglobin, g/dl	11.8 ±2.2	11.1 ± 2.2*	12.5 ± 1.9*	11.7 ±2.1*	<0.001
Creatinine, mg/dl	1.3 ± 1.0	1.7 ± 1.5*	1.1 ± 0.5†	1.3 ± 0.8†	<0.001
Medication
Beta-blocker	65 %	55 %	62 %	75 %	<0.001
ACE inhibitor or ARB	42 %	43 %	40 %	44 %	0.71
Diuretic	52 %	54 %	35 %	67 %	<0.001
MRA	5 %	4 %	2 %	9 %	0.007

Values are mean ± standard deviation or percentage. The p value in the last table column indicates the statistical significance when testing the overall group differences (by ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square or Fisheŕs exact test for categorical variables).

^*p < 0.05 vs. all the other groups by Sidaks′ posthoc test.

^†p < 0.05 vs. the HFpEF group by Sidaks′ posthoc test.

ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; AF = atrial fibrillation; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; MRA = mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.