Table 2.

Cardiac structure and function.

	All (n=515)	HFpEF (n=124)	AF (n=193)	HFpEF+AF (n=198)	p value
LV EDD, mm	46 ± 5	46 ± 5	46 ±5	46 ± 5	0.59
LV ESD, mm	30 ± 4	30 ± 4	31 ± 4	31 ± 5	0.80
LV mass, g	177 ± 47	178 ± 49	177 ± 48	177 ± 46	0.97
LV mass index, g/h 2.7	43 ± 10	45 ± 12	42 ± 8†	44 ± 11	0.03
LV hypertrophy	31 %	40 %	22 %	33 %	0.009
LV relative wall thickness	0.45 ± 0.09	0.45 ± 0.1	0.45 ± 0.08	0.46 ± 0.09	0.23
LV concentric geometry	57 %	58 %	54 %	59 %	0.63
LV EDV, ml	117 ± 35	124 ± 34	120 ± 36	110 ± 33†	0.001
LV EF, %	65 ± 7	66 ± 7	65 ± 7	64 ± 8†	0.03
LV GLS, %	−17.3 ± 4.1	−19.0 ± 3.9*	−16.7 ± 4.0	−16.9 ± 4.0	<0.001
Low GLS	50 %	32 %	55 %	57 %	<0.001
LV GCS, %	−26.8 ± 5.5	−28.4 ± 5.0‡	−25.5 ± 5.3*	−27.0 ± 5.6‡	<0.001
Dilated right ventricle §	17 %	9 %	15 %	23 %	0.04
Right ventricular systolic dysfunction §	7 %	6 %	4 %	10 %	0.16
Mild/moderate tricuspid regurgitation	82 %	74 %	83 %	83 %	<0.001
Estimated SPAP, mmHg	45 ± 13	49 ± 16‡	41 ± 9	46 ± 13‡	<0.001

Values are mean ± standard deviation or percentage. The p value in the last table column indicates the statistical significance when testing the overall group differences (by ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square or Fisheŕs exact test for categorical variables).

^*p < 0.05 vs. all the other groups by Sidaks′ posthoc test.

^†p < 0.05 vs. the HFpEF group by Sidaks′ posthoc test.

^‡p < 0.05 vs. the AF group by Sidaks′ posthoc test.

^§Based on qualitative assessment.

AF = atrial fibrillation; EDD = end-diastolic diameter; EDV = end-diastolic volume; EF = ejection fraction; ESD = end-systolic diameter; GCS = global circumferential strain; GLS = global longitudinal strain; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LV = left ventricular; SPAP = systolic pulmonary artery pressure.