Table 4.
Predictors of all-cause death in patients with moderate and greater AFMR. In the multivariable model, either LASr<13.0% and LA reservoir volume (model 1) or LAWr<450.1 % x ml (model 2), in combination with the other variables, were used.
| Univariable analyses | Multivariable analyses | |||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| Variable | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | P |
| Low LASr (<13%) | 3.88 (2.81–5.35) | <0.001 | 2.32 (1.55–3.46) | <0.001 | - | - |
| Low LAWr (<450.1 %xml) | 4.06 (2.92–5.66) | <0.001 | 3.42 (2.41–4.85) | <0.001 | ||
| Age, years | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 0.04 | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 0.02 |
| Female sex | 1.24 (0.94–1.64) | 0.14 | ||||
| Heart rate, bpm | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.11 | ||||
| Obesity | 0.91 (0.66–1.26) | 0.59 | ||||
| COPD | 2.20 (1.57–3.07) | <0.001 | 1.36 (0.95–1.93) | 0.09 | 1.50 (1.06–2.13) | 0.02 |
| AF at examination | 1.22 (0.92–1.62) | 0.16 | ||||
| HFpEF+AF subgroup | 1.81 (1.37–2.40) | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.04–1.93) | 0.03 | 1.33 (0.99–1.81) | 0.06 |
| Hypertension | 1.36 (0.90–2.06) | 0.14 | ||||
| Hypercholesterolemia | 0.83 (0.62–1.11) | 0.22 | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.21 (0.90–1.63) | 0.20 | ||||
| Chronic kidney disease | 2.32 (1.71–3.15) | <0.001 | 2.20 (1.59–3.03) | <0.001 | 2.20 (1.60–3.03) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.65 (1.14–2.39) | 0.008 | 1.08 (0.73–1.58) | 0.71 | 1.09 (0.74–1.59) | 0.67 |
| Diuretic | 3.22 (2.36–4.39) | <0.001 | 2.76 (1.91–3.99) | <0.001 | 2.59 (1.80–3.73) | <0.001 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 1.51 (1.14–2.02) | 0.005 | 0.80 (0.58–1.10) | 0.17 | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) | 0.19 |
| Beta-blocker | 1.88 (1.36–2.59) | <0.001 | 1.16 (0.81–1.67) | 0.41 | 1.18 (0.83–1.69) | 0.36 |
| LV concentric geometry | 1.36 (1.02–1.82) | 0.04 | 1.03 (0.76–1.38) | 0.87 | 1.04 (0.77–1.40) | 0.82 |
| LV EF, % | 0.99 (0.98–1.02) | 0.95 | ||||
| LV GLS, % | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 0.26 | ||||
| LAVmax, ml | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.20 | ||||
| LA reservoir volume, ml | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | <0.001 | - | - |
ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; AF = atrial fibrillation; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EF = ejection fraction; GLS = global longitudinal strain; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HR = hazard ratio; LA = left atrial; LASr = left atrial reservoir strain; LAVmax = maximum left atrial volume; LAWr = left atrial reservoir work; LV = left ventricular.