TABLE 2.

Summary of evidence, gaps in knowledge, and research priorities.

			Evidence		Gaps in Knowledge
	Criteria	Definition	Evidence Summary	Score	Gaps	Priority
i	Proof of concept	Ability to distinguish between subjects	Distinguishes CAD, HF, TOD, CV pathology	4	Data: beyond East Asia	1
ii	Prospective validation	Future CVD morbidity/mortality predictive ability	High vs. low baPWV: CVD morbidity (HR: 2.6-3.4, RR: 3.0), CVD mortality (HR: 1.2-2.6, RR: 5.4), all-cause mortality (HR: 1.8-2.5)	4	Data: beyond East Asia	2
iii	Incremental value	Predictive information beyond standard risk markers	CV event prediction ↑ when added to ACC/AHA risk score (X²: 21 to 50), ABI (AUC: 0.72 to 0.83), CTTA (X²: 132 to 154), SPECT (X²: 24 to 27), FMD (AUC: 0.71 to 0.75), & hs-CRP (X²: 126 to 167)	4	Data: beyond East Asia & in general populations	3
iv	Clinical utility	Ability to move patients from one risk category to another	CV events: IDI = 1.6%, NRI = 52%.	3	Limited data from prospective studies in independent populations	3
v	Clinical outcomes	Impact of clinical management with biomarker on clinical outcomes	No data available	1	Clinical management: support for aiding treatment	4
vi	Cost-effectiveness	Incremental costs vs incremental benefits (life expectancy and QoL)	No data available, though likely high considering clinical utility & low examination costs	2	Clinical management: impact on life expectancy & QoL	2
vii	Ease of use	Simplicity of measurement procedures	Measurements automated following cuff placement	3	Implementation studies: best practices for implementing within clinical workflow	5
viii	Methodological consensus	Uniformity of measurements in different clinical settings.	No known guidelines exist	1	Consensus statement: measurement conformity across clinics, facilitating comparison to reference values	5
ix	Reference values	Availability of published reference or cut-off values	Reference values for Chinese populations	2	Data: beyond East Asia	4
			Median evidence score	4

Evidence Score / Gaps Priority Likert scale: 1 = very low; 2 = low; 3 = medium, 4 = high, 5 = very high. Abbreviations: ACC/AHA, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; CAD, coronary artery disease; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; HF, heart failure; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HR, hazard ratio; IDI, integrated discrimination improvement; NRI, net reclassification index; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk; QoL, quality of life; SPECT, single-photon emission computed tomography; TOD, target organ damage; X2, global chi squared.