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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Aug 22.
Published in final edited form as: J Cell Death. 2010 Mar 17;2010(3):13–21. doi: 10.4137/JCD.S2785

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Mechanisms of biliary damage during cholestasis. Bile duct ligation (BDL) induces the proliferation of cholangiocytes, which is associated with increased cAMP-dependent signaling mechanisms. Cholestasis induced by BDL renders cholangiocytes more sensitive to damage by hepatotoxins, hepatic artery ligation (HAL) and denervation. This damage is associated with increased cholangiocyte apoptosis and decreased cAMP-dependent signaling mechanisms. Administration of cAMP agonists (for CCl4 and denervation), VEGF-A (for HAL), and TC (for HAL and denervation) have been shown to restore cholangiocyte proliferation and cAMP dependent signaling mechanisms and prevent cholangiocyte apoptosis.