Table 2. Bivariate Correlates of Willingness to Get an Anal Papanicolaou Test Among Gay and Bisexual Men: United States, January 2009.
| Not Willing (n=211), Mean (SD) or No. (%) | Willing (n=95), Mean (SD) or No. (%) | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anal cancer and screening | |||
| Perceived knowledge of anal cancera | 1.36 (0.61) | 1.84 (0.90) | 2.32** (1.65, 3.25) |
| Worry about anal cancerb | 1.29 (0.59) | 1.83 (0.96) | 2.47** (1.76, 3.46) |
| Perceived severity of anal cancerb | 3.58 (0.76) | 3.64 (0.68) | 1.12 (0.80, 1.58) |
| Belief that HIV status affects likelihood of anal cancerc | 2.84 (0.30) | 2.77 (0.41) | 0.61 (0.31, 1.20) |
| Perceived likelihood of anal cancerd | 2.09 (0.62) | 2.43 (0.68) | 2.23** (1.51, 3.30) |
| Perceived effectiveness of anal Pap teste | 2.18 (0.84) | 2.06 (0.81) | 0.83 (0.62, 1.13) |
| Belief that only people who have anal intercourse need anal Pap testse | 3.53 (1.11) | 3.81 (1.15) | 1.26* (1.01, 1.58) |
| Awareness of anal Pap test | |||
| No (Ref) | 175 (74) | 60 (26) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 36 (51) | 35 (49) | 2.84** (1.64, 4.92) |
| Had anal Pap test | |||
| No (Ref) | 192 (73) | 70 (27) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 19 (43) | 25 (57) | 3.61** (1.87, 6.96) |
| Unsuccessfully attempted to get anal | |||
| Pap test | |||
| No (Ref) | 209 (69) | 92 (31) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2 (40) | 3 (60) | 3.41 (0.56, 20.74) |
| Belief that doctors recommend anal Pap tests for men who have sex with men | |||
| No (Ref) | 40 (67) | 20 (33) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 72 (64) | 40 (36) | 1.11 (0.57, 2.15) |
| Did not know | 99 (74) | 35 (26) | 0.71 (0.37, 1.37) |
| Knew cost-effective frequency for anal Pap testing (1–3 y) | |||
| No (Ref) | 123 (75) | 40 (25) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 88 (62) | 55 (38) | 1.92* (1.18, 3.14) |
| Had digital rectal exam | |||
| No (Ref) | 64 (81) | 15 (19) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 147 (65) | 80 (35) | 2.32* (1.24, 4.34) |
| Sexual identity and behavior | |||
| Sexual orientation | |||
| Bisexual (Ref) | 58 (83) | 12 (17) | 1.00 |
| Gay | 153 (65) | 83 (35) | 2.62* (1.33, 5.16) |
| Disclosed sexual behavior with men to primary care provider | |||
| Yes (Ref) | 116 (62) | 70 (38) | 1.00 |
| Not applicable/missing | 33 (85) | 6 (15) | 0.30* (0.12, 0.76) |
| No | 62 (77) | 19 (23) | 0.51* (0.28, 0.91) |
| Age at first sexual intercourse (oral, anal, or vaginal), y | |||
| <16 (Ref) | 72 (67) | 36 (33) | 1.00 |
| ≥ 16 | 139 (70) | 59 (30) | 0.85 (0.52, 1.40) |
| No. of lifetime sexual partnersf | |||
| ≤4 (Ref) | 28 (80) | 7 (20) | 1.00 |
| ≥5 | 183 (68) | 88 (33) | 1.92 (0.81, 4.58) |
| No. of male partners (anal or oral intercourse) in past year | |||
| ≤4 (Ref) | 160 (71) | 67 (29) | 1.00 |
| ≥5 | 51 (65) | 28 (35) | 1.31 (0.76, 2.26) |
| Diagnosis of cancer (oral, anal, penile) or lesions (anal, penile) | |||
| No (Ref) | 209 (69) | 92 (31) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2 (40) | 3 (60) | 3.41 (0.56, 20.73) |
| HIV status | |||
| Negative (Ref) | 186 (73) | 69 (27) | 1.00 |
| Positive | 25 (49) | 26 (51) | 2.80* (1.52, 5.18) |
| Other STI diagnosis | |||
| No (Ref) | 150 (72) | 59 (28) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 61 (63) | 36 (37) | 1.50 (0.90, 2.50) |
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Health insurance | |||
| No (Ref) | 35 (80) | 9 (20) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 176 (67) | 86 (33) | 1.90 (0.87, 4.13) |
| Current smoker | |||
| No (Ref) | 158 (72) | 61 (28) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 53 (61) | 34 (39) | 1.66 (0.99, 2.80) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White (Ref) | 172 (70) | 75 (30) | 1.00 |
| Other | 39 (66) | 20 (34) | 1.18 (0.64, 2.15) |
| Age, y | |||
| 50–59 (Ref) | 83 (67) | 40 (33) | 1.00 |
| 40–49 | 85 (69) | 39 (31) | 0.95 (0.56, 1.63) |
| 20–39 | 43 (73) | 16 (27) | 0.77 (0.39, 1.53) |
| Annual household income, $ | |||
| <60 000 (Ref) | 94 (77) | 28 (23) | 1.00 |
| ≥60 000 | 117 (64) | 67 (36) | 1.92* (1.15, 3.23) |
| Education | |||
| No college degree (Ref) | 96 (71) | 40 (29) | 1.00 |
| College degree | 115 (68) | 55 (32) | 1.15 (0.70, 1.87) |
| Urbanicity | |||
| Rural (Ref) | 14 (70) | 6 (30) | 1.00 |
| Urban | 197 (69) | 89 (31) | 1.05 (0.39, 2.83) |
| Relationship status | |||
| Not living with partner and not married (Ref) | 116 (73) | 44 (27) | 1.00 |
| Living with partner or married | 95 (65) | 51 (35) | 1.42 (0.87, 2.30) |
Note: CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; Pap = Papanicolaou; STI = sexually transmitted infection.
a
On a 4-point scale: 1 (nothing at all), 2 (a little), 3 (a moderate amount), 4 (quite a lot).
b
On a 4-point scale: 1 (not at all), 2 (a little), 3 (a moderate amount), 4 (quite a lot).
c
On a 3-point scale: 1 (decreases chances), 2 (has no effect), 3 (increases chances).
d
On a 5-point scale: 1 (no chance), 2 (low chance), 3 (moderate chance), 4 (high chance), 5 (certain I will get anal cancer).
e
On a 5-point scale: 1 (strongly agree), 2 (somewhat agree), 3 (neither agree nor disagree), 4 (somewhat disagree), 5 (strongly disagree).
f
This was a categorical variable.
*
P< .05;
**
P<.001.