Table 5. Frequency of Symptoms of Acute Heart Failure and Short-Term Mortality.

	Hospital Death Rates		30 Day Death Rates
	Few acute symptoms*	Few acute symptoms†	Few acute symptoms*	Few acute symptoms†
Controlling variables
▪Age and sex	2.06 (1.62,2.61)	1.27 (1.00,1.60)	1.73 (1.45,2.06)	1.18 (0.99,1.40)
▪Age, sex, and prior comorbidities1	1.82 (1.43,2.33)	1.16 (0.91,1.47)	1.55 (1.29,1.86)	1.08 (0.90,1.29)
▪Age, sex, prior comorbidities, and physiologic findings2	1.74 (1.35,2.26)	1.12 (0.87,1.45)	1.45 (1.19,1.76)	1.04 (0.86,1.26)
▪Age, sex, prior comorbidities, physiologic findings, and hospital treatment practices3	1.44 (1.80,1.88)	0.98 (0.75,1.27)	1.28 (1.05,1.56)	0.94 (0.77,1.15)
▪All variables univariately related to death	1.78 (1.40,2.27)	1.15 (0.90,1.45)	1.52 (1.27,1.83)	1.07 (0.89,1.28)

^*≤ 2 vs ≥3 of the 5 most commonly reported acute symptoms

^†≤3 vs ≥4 of the 14 total acute symptoms examined

¹prior comorbidities = BMI, prior anemia, angina, COPD, CHD, diabetes, HF, hyperlipidemia, MI, renal disease, stroke, and DNR orders

²physiologic findings = Factors listed in regression #1 plus admission systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, eGFR, BUN, serum sodium, and white blood cell count

³hospital treatment practices = Factors listed in regression #2 plus use of ACE inhibitors, ARB blockers, beta blockers, digoxin, diuretics, recommendation to reduce salt intake, fluid restriction, smoking cessation, increased physical activity, and alcohol reduction

^*Hospital death rates controlling variables = age, race, BMI, prior angina, CHD, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, MI and DNR orders.

^*30 day death rates controlling variables = age, race, BMI, prior anemia, angina, CHD, diabetes, CHF, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, MI, stroke and DNR orders.