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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Oct 29.
Published in final edited form as: Immunity. 2010 Oct 29;33(4):479–491. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.09.013

Figure 2. Parallel Regulatory Mechanisms for Induction of Mucosal Immunity and Tolerance.

Figure 2

Intestinal ECs release immune regulatory factors such as TSLP, RA and TGF-β1 upon sensing antigens from the lumen. These immune mediators condition DCs to generate CD103+ DCs and TipDCs. Such regulatory DCs produce more immune regulatory factors such as TGF-β1, RA, IL-10 and IL-27, which reinforce mucosal homeostasis and tolerance by promoting the development of IgA responses and regulatory T cell responses, including Treg and Tr1 responses. Treg and Tr1 cells suppress mucosal and systemic responses by TH1 cells, TH17 cells and CTLs. Such a situation may represent a challenge for mucosal vaccines aimed at eliciting mucosal and systemic T cell-mediated immunity.