Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the participants
| Variable | Total Sample |
Normal-glucose group |
Pre-diabetes groupa |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 140) | (n = 99) | (n = 41) | |
| Sex (M/F) | 80/60 | 51/48 | 29/12b |
| Race (W/B) | 75/65 | 48/51 | 27/14 |
| Age (yrs) | 9.1 ± 1.1 | 9.1 ± 1.1 | 9.3 ± 1.0 |
| Height (cm) | 138.4 ± 8.1 | 137.4 ± 7.5 | 141.0 ± 8.9c |
| Weight (kg) | 48.4 ± 10.8 | 47.4 ± 10.7 | 50.8 ± 10.7c |
| BMI percentile | 96.8 ± 3.3 | 96.7 ± 3.3 | 97.2 ± 3.2 |
| FFST mass (kg) | 27.1 ± 4.8 | 26.5 ± 4.7 | 28.5 ± 4.9c |
| Fat mass (kg) | 20.1 ± 6.7 | 19.7 ± 6.9 | 21.0 ± 6.4 |
| Percent body fat (%) | 40.1 ± 6.6 | 40.1 ± 6.8 | 40.1 ± 6.0 |
| VAT (cm3) | 34.3 ± 17.5 | 31.3 ± 16.0 | 41.7± 18.8c |
| SAAT (cm3) | 253.0 ± 100.1 | 247.1 ± 106.3 | 267.5 ± 82.7 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.18 ± 0.43 | 5.01 ± 0.28 | 5.61 ± 0.44c |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L)e | 6.68 ± 1.22 | 6.28 ± 0.94 | 7.51 ± 1.33d |
| Glucose AUC (mmol/L)e | 874.8 ± 123.7 | 827.3 ± 86.1 | 976.1 ± 131.4d |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L)e | 132.0 ± 77.8 | 127.8 ± 84.7 | 143.1 ± 58.3d |
| 2-h insulin (pmol/L)e | 714.6 ± 713.9 | 547.3 ± 368.8 | 1076.5 ± 1068.8d |
| Insulin AUC (pmol/L)e | 570.9 ± 431.3 | 503.5 ± 261.8 | 715.3 ± 643.1 |
| HOMA-IRe | 4.37 ± 2.46 | 4.07 ± 2.54 | 5.11 ± 2.13d |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L)e | 0.92 ± 0.51 | 0.88 ± 0.50 | 1.02 ± 0.52 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.28 ± 0.76 | 4.26 ± 0.76 | 4.33 ± 0.83 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.23 ± 0.31 | 1.28 ± 0.33 | 1.24 ± 0.27 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.56 ± 0.67 | 2.56 ± 0.69 | 2.57 ± 0.61 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L)e | 2.92 ± 3.06 | 2.76 ± 3.10 | 3.29 ± 2.97 |
| Total OCN (ng/mL) | 26.3 ± 8.7 | 26.9 ± 8.6 | 24.7 ± 8.7 |
| Carboxylated OCN (ng/mL) | 18.8 ± 6.6 | 19.0 ± 6.4 | 18.3 ± 7.1 |
| Uncarboxylated OCN (ng/mL) | 7.5 ± 3.9 | 8.0 ± 4.1 | 6.5 ± 3.2 c |
| Moderate PA (d/wk)e | 2.0 ± 2.2 | 2.1 ± 2.3 | 1.8 ± 1.6 |
| Vigorous PA (d/wk)e | 3.2 ± 2.5 | 3.4 ± 2.5 | 2.7 ± 2.3 |
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1750 ± 637 | 1797 ± 696 | 1629 ± 435 |
| Calcium intake (mg/d) | 731 ± 358 | 744 ± 382 | 697 ± 292 |
| Vitamin D intake (μg/d) | 4.1 ± 3.0 | 4.3 ± 3.3 | 3.7 ± 2.3 |
All values are means ± SD.
BMI, body mass index; FFST, fat-free soft tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; SAAT, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue; AUC, area under the curve; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OCN, osteocalcin.
Pre-diabetes was defined as having a fasting plasma glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) but < 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) or 2-h values in the oral glucose tolerance test of ≥ 7.8 (140 mg/dL) but < 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL).
Significantly different from the normal-glucose group, P ≤ 0.05 (Fisher's exact test)
Significantly different from the normal-glucose group, P ≤ 0.05 (independent samples t-test).
Significantly different from the normal-glucose group, P ≤ 0.05 (Mann-Whitney U-test).
Tests of significance between groups were based on the Mann-Whitney U-test