TABLE 3.
Unadjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the 34-year incidence of type 2 diabetes associated with baseline characteristics by racial group (black (n=648), white (n=4774)) in the Alameda County Study (1965–1999)
| Black | White | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable Category | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI |
| Racial Group | 2.3 | 1.7, 3.1 | 1.0 | - |
| Age (years) (continuous) | 1.0 | 1.0, 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0, 1.0 |
| Women | 1.1 | 0.6, 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.7, 1.1 |
| Men | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Unmarried | 1.1 | 0.6, 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.5 |
| Married | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Low Childhood SEP* | 1.3 | 0.7, 2.5 | 1.9 | 1.4, 2.5 |
| High Childhood SEP (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Height (inches) (continuous) | 1.0 | 0.9, 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0, 1.0 |
| Education (years) (continuous) | 1.0 | 0.9, 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.9, 1.0 |
| ≤12 years Education | 0.5 | 0.3, 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.3, 2.3 |
| >12 years Education (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Income (1999 dollars) (continuous) | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.6, 0.9 |
| Blue Collar Occupation | 0.7 | 0.4, 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.9, 1.8 |
| White Collar Occupation (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| No Health Insurance | 1.3 | 0.7, 2.4 | 0.7 | 0.4, 1.1 |
| Yes Health Insurance (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| No Regular Health Provider | 1.6 | 0.9, 2.8 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.1 |
| Yes Regular Health Provider (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes Depression | 1.1 | 0.5, 2.3 | 1.3 | 0.8, 1.9 |
| No Depression (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes High Blood Pressure | 1.4 | 0.7, 2.9 | 2.3 | 1.5, 3.5 |
| No High Blood Pressure (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) (BMI) (continuous) |
1.0 | 1.0, 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1, 1.2 |
| Obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 2.1 | 1.0, 4.4 | 6.4 | 4.4, 9.3 |
| Overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) | 1.3 | 0.7, 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.4, 2.5 |
| Normal/Underweight (BMI ≤24.9) (referent) |
1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Waist Circumference (inches) (continuous) |
1.0 | 1.0, 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0, 1.0 |
| Large Waist Circumference† | 2.0 | 0.9, 4.5 | 4.5 | 3.0, 6.7 |
| Normal Waist Circumference (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Inactive/Low Activity | 1.8 | 0.8, 4.2 | 1.3 | 0.9, 2.0 |
| Moderate Activity | 1.6 | 0.7, 3.8 | 1.2 | 0.8, 1.7 |
| High Activity (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Current Smoker | 1.6 | 0.9, 3.1 | 1.6 | 1.1, 2.2 |
| Former Smoker | 1.4 | 0.5, 3.6 | 1.7 | 1.1, 2.5 |
| Never Smoked (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Abstain from drinking | 1.1 | 0.6, 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.5 |
| 1–45 drinks per month (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| > 46 drinks per month | 1.2 | 0.5, 2.7 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.4 |
*
Childhood SEP is based on respondents’ fathers’ occupation (or education when occupation data not available (6.5% of total)): Low = manual (blue-collar) occupation or education ≤12 years; High = white-collar occupation or ≥12 years of education (referent)
†
Large Waist Circumference = >34.6in for women and >40.2in for men