Table 1.

Risk factors of SCC.

Risk factor	NMSC	HNSCC	ESCC	NSCLC
Personal habits
Tobacco smoking	●	●●●	●●●	●●●●●
Alcohol consumption		●●●	●●●
Dietary factors		●a	●b
Oral health		●
Environmental exposures
UV light	●●●●●	●
Occupational exposure (nickel refining, textile fibers, woodworking)		●
Radon gas				●
Particulate matter				●
Asbestos				●
Viral infections
HPV	●	●	●	●
EBV		●
JCV				●
Other diseases
Acid reflux disease		●
Achalasia			●
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome			●
Ethnicity		●c	●d

● = common factor

●●● = major factor

●●●●● = predominant factor

^aBetel nut chewing

^bHigh-starch diet without fruits and vegetables, or pickled vegetables

^cAfrican American

^dAfrican American, male