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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 May 9.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurosci. 2011 Nov 9;31(45):16410–16422. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3280-11.2011

Figure 6. Low frequency train stimulation resets the respiratory cycle.

Figure 6

A) Overlayed recordings of integrated PND from one anesthetized rat. The waveforms are taken from periods during low frequency (<0.2 Hz) train stimulation and are aligned to the onset of the stimulus (6 traces in total). When the stimulus was delivered during expiration (in all cases), an advanced inspiratory burst occurred and the respiratory rhythm was reset, shown by the synchronization of PND activity following stimulation. B) Overlayed flow traces from one conscious rat, description as per A. C–D) phase resetting curves from a single anesthetized (C) and conscious rat (D). In both cases, a stimulus delivered during expiration dramatically reduced the induced phase (stimulus onset to following inspiration), and reset the respiratory rhythm (i.e. N+1 induced phase ≈ 360°). E) Grouped data from anesthetized (N=4) and conscious experiments (N=6) showing that stimulus induced phase resetting occurs preferentially during early expiration in anesthetized rats and conscious rats. Stimulation during late inspiration did not significantly reset the respiratory rhythm in anesthetized animals or conscious rats (*** P<0.001, * P<0.05 vs. N+1 cycle in anesthetized rats; # P<0.05 vs. N+1 cycle in conscious rats two-way ANOVA).