Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by PON1-108 C/T genotypes
| CC = 436 | CT = 583 | TT = 283 | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Mean age (SD) | 61.7 (12.7) | 64.2 (12.4) | 66.9 (12.4) | <0.0001 |
| Male (%) | 413 (95%) | 557 (96%) | 275 (97%) | 0.28 |
| Self-identified ancestry | <0.0001 | |||
| African American (%) | 142 (33%) | 58 (10%) | 4 (1%) | |
| Caucasian American (%) | 230 (53%) | 423 (73%) | 223 (79%) | |
| Other (%) | 64 (15%) | 102 (18%) | 56 (20%) | |
| Vital status (% still alive) | 392 (90%) | 506 (87%) | 249 (88%) | 0.31 |
| Recruited by mail (%) | 181 (42%) | 285 (49%) | 166 (59%) | <0.0001 |
| Mean baseline biochemical and anthropometric measures | ||||
| Creatinine mg/dl (SD) | 1.3 (3.3) | 1.4 (6.4) | 1.0 (0.3) | 0.55 |
| Hemoglobin A1C mg/dl (SD) | 6.6 (1.6) | 6.5 (1.4) | 6.3 (1.2) | 0.13 |
| Glomerular filtration rate ml/min/1.73 m2 (SD) | 85.8 (28.4) | 82.9 (25.0) | 80.8 (23.2) | 0.02 |
| LDL cholesterol mg/dl (SD) | 114.7 (40.5) | 111.7 (33.8) | 111.4 (32.0) | 0.84 |
| HDL cholesterol mg/dl (SD) | 46.5 (13.9) | 44.3 (12.8) | 45.6 (15.3) | 0.008 |
| BMI kg/m2 (SD) | 29.7 (5.5) | 30.4 (5.9) | 30.3 (6.2) | 0.21 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes (%) | 152 (35%) | 204 (35%) | 91 (32%) | 0.68 |
| Arrhythmias (%) | 46 (11%) | 79 (14%) | 58 (20%) | 0.0008 |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 162 (37%) | 236 (41%) | 128 (45%) | 0.10 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 34 (8%) | 55 (9%) | 27 (10%) | 0.60 |
| Cancer (any history of cancer %) | 70 (16%) | 111 (19 %) | 59 (21%) | 0.24 |
| Kidney/renal disease (%) | 41 (9%) | 62 (11%) | 26 (9 %) | 0.73 |
| Hepatitis C (%) | 29 (7%) | 22 (4%) | 3 (1%) | 0.0007 |
| Psychiatric disorders (%) | 195 (45%) | 214 (37%) | 101 (36%) | 0.016 |
| Charlson score (SD) | 2.72 (3.1) | 2.93 (3.0) | 2.96 (2.9) | 0.16 |
| Number of medications (SD) | 2.4 (1.4) | 2.3 (1.4) | 2.3 (1.4) | 0.91 |
| Family history of hypertension (%) | 0.47 | |||
| Yes | 255 (60%) | 343 (59%) | 151 (54%) | |
| No | 57 (13%) | 78 (14%) | 48 (17%) | |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||
| Smoking status (%) | 0.004 | |||
| Current | 96 (23%) | 114 (20%) | 42 (15%) | |
| Past | 208 (50%) | 308 (55%) | 181 (64%) | |
| Never | 115 (27%) | 143 (25%) | 57 (20%) | |
| Mean smoking in years (SD) | 14.6 (16.9) | 15.8 (17.4) | 16.7 (17.4) | 0.18 |
| Stress (%) | 0.11 | |||
| Little to none | 79 (18%) | 110 (19%) | 61 (22%) | |
| Moderate | 234 (54%) | 311 (54%) | 167 (59%) | |
| High | 117 (27%) | 156 (27%) | 54 (19%) | |
| Caffeine (%) | 0.45 | |||
| <2 caffeinated beverages/day | 239 (55%) | 305 (53%) | 136 (48%) | |
| 2–5 caffeinated beverages/day | 164 (38%) | 223 (39%) | 121 (43%) | |
| >5 caffeinated beverages/day | 31 (7%) | 45 (8%) | 26 (9%) | |
| Alcohol dependence (%) | 71 (16%) | 66 (11%) | 24 (8%) | 0.005 |
| Average number of drinks/week (SD) | 7.2 (5.8) | 7.4 (6.0) | 7.5 (6.1) | 0.95 |
a
Comparison between genotype using Kruskal–Wallis test and the χ2 or Fisher’s exact test; P < 0.05 are given in bold.
BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein, PON1, Paraoxonase 1.