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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 9.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurosci. 2013 Jan 9;33(2):652–664. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6128-11.2013

Table 1.

Spinal cord metabolites with altered concentrations in chronic SCI, vehicle-treated rats versus uninjured controls. Bolded p values ≤ 0.05 (104 metabolites) and non-bolded p values ≤ 0.10 (22 metabolites) versus uninjured, age-matched controls. Welch’s two-sample t test. Abbreviations: 13-HODE + 9-HODE = 13- and 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, GPC = glycerophosphocholine, GPE = glycerophosphoethanolamine, GPI = glycerophosphoinositol.

Class Sub-class Biochemical Name HMDB ID Fold Change
(SCI + vehicle /
control)		 p Value q Value
Amino acid Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism glycine HMDB00123 −1.35 < 0.001 0.0003
homoserine HMDB00719 −1.18 0.0780 0.0650
betaine HMDB00043 2.22 < 0.001 0.0000
Alanine and aspartate metabolism alanine HMDB00161 1.19 0.0236 0.0276
aspartate HMDB00191 −1.22 0.0091 0.0122
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) HMDB00812 −2.38 < 0.001 0.0001
asparagine HMDB00168 −1.47 0.0557 0.0509
Glutamate metabolism glutamate HMDB03339 −1.45 < 0.001 0.0000
glutamine HMDB00641 1.06 0.0982 0.0775
gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) HMDB00112 −1.33 0.0650 0.0577
N-acetylglutamate HMDB01138 −1.33 0.0220 0.0264
N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) HMDB01067 −1.79 < 0.001 0.0000
Lysine metabolism 2-aminoadipate HMDB00510 1.38 0.0040 0.0059
N6-acetyllysine HMDB00206 1.47 0.0014 0.0025
Phenylalanine & tyrosine metabolism tyrosine HMDB00158 1.15 0.0581 0.0525
Valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism isoleucine HMDB00172 1.40 < 0.001 0.0005
leucine HMDB00687 1.45 < 0.001 0.0013
valine HMDB00883 1.40 0.0036 0.0054
Cysteine, methionine, SAM, taurine metabolism taurine HMDB00251 1.52 0.0012 0.0023
S-adenosylhomocysteine HMDB00939 −1.43 0.0012 0.0023
methionine HMDB00696 1.18 0.0260 0.0301
N-acetylmethionine HMDB11745 2.53 < 0.001 0.0000
2-hydroxybutyrate HMDB00008 1.65 < 0.001 0.0001
Urea cycle; arginine-, proline-, metabolism citrulline HMDB00904 1.55 0.0158 0.0206
trans-4-hydroxyproline HMDB00725 2.05 < 0.001 0.0002
Creatine metabolism creatine HMDB00064 −1.16 0.0314 0.0332
Butanoate metabolism 2-aminobutyrate HMDB00650 1.72 0.0035 0.0054
Glutathione metabolism glutathione, oxidized (GSSG) HMDB03337 3.19 < 0.001 0.0003
cysteine-glutathione disulfide HMDB00656 2.27 < 0.001 0.0003
Carbohydrate Fructose, mannose, galactose, starch, and sucrose metabolism maltose HMDB00163 1.61 0.0062 0.0086
mannose HMDB00169 2.77 < 0.001 0.0003
mannose-6-phosphate HMDB01078 2.57 < 0.001 0.0012
Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism glycerate HMDB00139 1.37 0.0313 0.0332
glucose-6-phosphate HMDB01401 2.53 < 0.001 0.0002
glucose HMDB00122 2.73 < 0.001 0.0001
fructose-6-phosphate HMDB00124 2.29 < 0.001 0.0003
3-phosphoglycerate HMDB00807 −1.35 0.0195 0.0243
1,3-dihydroxyacetone HMDB01882 2.22 < 0.001 0.0002
lactate HMDB00190 1.23 < 0.001 0.0013
Nucleotide sugars, pentose metabolism arabitol HMDB01851 −1.64 0.0033 0.0054
ribulose HMDB00621,
HMDB03371		 1.40 0.0433 0.0431
arabinose HMDB00646 −5.26 < 0.001 0.0005
Cofactors and vitamins Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism dehydroascorbate HMDB01264 1.86 0.0388 0.0393
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism nicotinamide HMDB01406 1.32 0.0292 0.0323
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) HMDB00902 1.45 < 0.001 0.0010
Pantothenate and CoA metabolism pantothenate HMDB00210 1.69 < 0.001 0.0001
phosphopantetheine HMDB01416 1.12 0.0459 0.0444
coenzyme A HMDB01423 −2.56 < 0.001 0.0000
3'-dephosphocoenzyme A HMDB01373 −2.78 < 0.001 0.0007
Pyridoxal metabolism pyridoxal HMDB01545 2.17 < 0.001 0.0001
Riboflavin metabolism flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) HMDB01248 1.42 0.0036 0.0054
riboflavin (Vitamin B2) HMDB00244 1.78 < 0.001 0.0001
Tocopherol metabolism alpha-tocopherol HMDB01893 −1.43 < 0.001 0.0000
Energy Krebs cycle malate HMDB00156 1.28 < 0.001 0.0002
Oxidative phosphorylation acetylphosphate HMDB01494 −1.28 0.0788 0.0650
phosphate HMDB01429 −1.25 < 0.001 0.0003
Lipid Medium chain fatty acid caproate (6:0) HMDB00535 1.81 0.0526 0.0489
pelargonate (9:0) HMDB00847 −1.11 < 0.001 0.0019
Long chain fatty acid oleate (18:1n9) HMDB00207 −1.23 0.0204 0.0247
cis-vaccenate (18:1n7) - −1.43 < 0.001 0.0006
arachidate (20:0) HMDB02212 −1.18 0.0658 0.0580
eicosenoate (20:1n9 or 11) HMDB02231 −1.89 0.0016 0.0029
dihomo-linoleate (20:2n6) - −1.49 0.0755 0.0642
arachidonate (20:4n6) HMDB01043 −1.32 0.0776 0.0650
Fatty acid, monohydroxy 13-HODE + 9-HODE - 1.93 0.0051 0.0074
Fatty acid, dicarboxylate 2-hydroxyglutarate HMDB00606 −1.69 < 0.001 0.0001
Eicosanoid 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid HMDB02110 1.89 0.0013 0.0025
Endocannabinoid oleic ethanolamide HMDB02088 −1.96 < 0.001 0.0012
palmitoyl ethanolamide - −2.22 < 0.001 0.0006
Fatty acid metabolism (also BCAA metabolism) propionylcarnitine HMDB00824 1.42 0.0682 0.0595
Carnitine metabolism acetylcarnitine HMDB00201 1.24 0.0648 0.0577
myristoylcarnitine HMDB05066 −1.56 0.0791 0.0650
palmitoylcarnitine HMDB00222 −1.75 0.0236 0.0276
stearoylcarnitine HMDB00848 −1.47 0.0812 0.0662
oleoylcarnitine HMDB05065 −2.08 0.0078 0.0106
Glycerolipid metabolism choline phosphate HMDB01565 −1.14 0.0076 0.0104
glycerophosphoethanolamine HMDB00114 1.18 0.0558 0.0509
glycerol HMDB00131 −1.20 0.0164 0.0212
glycerol 3-phosphate HMDB00126 1.41 0.0514 0.0482
GPC HMDB00086 2.09 < 0.001 0.0002
Ketone bodies 3-hydroxybutyrate HMDB00357 1.50 < 0.001 0.0007
Lysolipid 2-docosahexaenoyl GPE - −1.27 0.0929 0.0745
2-palmitoyl GPC - −1.52 0.0442 0.0435
1-stearoyl GPC - −1.37 0.0754 0.0642
2-stearoyl GPC - −1.45 0.0306 0.0332
1-oleoyl GPC - −1.52 0.0168 0.0214
2-oleoyl GPC - −1.35 0.0032 0.0054
1-docosahexaenoyl GPC - −1.69 0.0263 0.0301
2-docosahexaenoyl GPC - −1.61 0.0286 0.0319
1-palmitoyl-GPI - −2.63 0.0015 0.0026
1-stearoyl-GPI - −2.33 0.0314 0.0332
1-arachidonoyl-GPI - −2.13 0.0011 0.0023
Monoacylglycerol 1-oleoylglycerol (1-monoolein) HMDB11567 −2.04 < 0.001 0.0003
2-oleoylglycerol (2-monoolein) - −1.79 0.0049 0.0072
Sphingolipid palmitoyl sphingomyelin - 1.60 < 0.001 0.0002
stearoyl sphingomyelin HMDB01348 −1.39 0.0342 0.0358
Mevalonate metabolism 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate HMDB00355 −2.56 < 0.001 0.0000
Sterol/Steroid cholesterol HMDB00067 −1.15 0.0011 0.0022
7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol HMDB01496 1.77 0.0011 0.0022
7-beta-hydroxycholesterol HMDB06119 1.46 0.0034 0.0054
24(S)-hydroxycholesterol HMDB01419 −1.85 < 0.001 0.0000
Nucleotide Purine metabolism, (hypo)xanthine/inosine containing xanthosine HMDB00299 1.25 0.0451 0.0440
inosine - −1.06 0.0368 0.0378
Purine metabolism, adenine containing adenosine HMDB00050 −1.96 0.0033 0.0054
adenosine 2'-monophosphate (2'-AMP) HMDB11617 1.74 < 0.001 0.0016
adenosine 3'-monophosphate (3'-AMP) HMDB03540 1.62 0.0035 0.0054
adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) HMDB00045 −1.23 0.0198 0.0243
Purine metabolism, guanine containing guanosine HMDB00133 −1.89 < 0.001 0.0012
Purine metabolism, urate metabolism urate HMDB00289 1.64 < 0.001 0.0000
Pyrimidine metabolism, cytidine containing cytidine HMDB00089 1.27 < 0.001 0.0001
2'-deoxycytidine HMDB00014 2.49 < 0.001 0.0000
uracil HMDB00300 1.54 0.0017 0.0030
5,6-dihydrouracil HMDB00076 −1.20 0.0852 0.0689
Peptide Dipeptide derivative homocarnosine HMDB00745 −1.37 < 0.001 0.0003
anserine HMDB00194 1.83 0.0369 0.0378
gamma-glutamyl gamma-glutamylglycine HMDB11667 −1.33 0.0197 0.0243
gamma-glutamylmethionine - 1.33 0.0481 0.0460
gamma-glutamylglutamate - −1.43 < 0.001 0.0012
gamma-glutamylglutamine HMDB11738 1.28 0.0275 0.0311
gamma-glutamylphenylalanine HMDB00594 −1.16 0.0969 0.0771
gamma-glutamylalanine - 1.42 0.0012 0.0023
Xenobiotics Benzoate metabolism hippurate HMDB00714 1.32 0.0514 0.0482
Chemical glycolate (hydroxyacetate) HMDB00115 1.35 0.0708 0.0612
Food component/Plant stachydrine HMDB04827 1.51 0.0109 0.0144
homostachydrine HMDB04827 1.64 0.0052 0.0074
Sugar, sugar substitute, starch erythritol HMDB02994 −1.30 0.0434 0.0431