Table 3.
Marginal Effect | Std. Err. | ||
---|---|---|---|
Immigrant Family | 0.022 | 0.0035 | *** |
Naturalized Citizen | 0.015 | 0.0054 | *** |
Hispanic | −0.002 | 0.0018 | |
American Indian | 0.053 | 0.0045 | *** |
Black | −0.017 | 0.0016 | *** |
Asian | −0.017 | 0.0028 | *** |
Other Race | 0.002 | 0.0021 | |
Age 3–5 | 0.014 | 0.0014 | *** |
Age 6–8 | 0.021 | 0.0016 | *** |
Age 9–11 | 0.029 | 0.0017 | *** |
Age 12–15 | 0.045 | 0.0017 | *** |
Age 16–17 | 0.077 | 0.0023 | *** |
Male | −0.001 | 0.0008 | |
Poverty Level | |||
0 – 100 Pct of Poverty | 0.029 | 0.0023 | *** |
101 – 200 Pct of Poverty | 0.032 | 0.0020 | *** |
Household (HH) with: | |||
No high school grads | 0.025 | 0.0021 | *** |
Zero workers in HH | −0.034 | 0.0020 | *** |
One worker in HH | −0.009 | 0.0014 | *** |
Child with | |||
Neither parent in HH | 0.028 | 0.0044 | *** |
Only father in HH | 0.025 | 0.0023 | *** |
Only mother in HH | −0.014 | 0.0015 | *** |
Year = 2009 | −0.024 | 0.0014 | *** |
Year = 2010 | −0.033 | 0.0014 | *** |
Immigrant Family*State Interactions: | |||
AL*Immigrant Family | 0.028 | 0.0209 | |
AK*Immigrant Family | −0.044 | 0.0315 | |
AZ*Immigrant Family | 0.010 | 0.0084 | |
AR*Immigrant Family | 0.006 | 0.0205 | |
CO*Immigrant Family | 0.036 | 0.0128 | *** |
CT*Immigrant Family | 0.049 | 0.0199 | ** |
DE*Immigrant Family | 0.021 | 0.0420 | |
DC*Immigrant Family | 0.004 | 0.0399 | |
FL*Immigrant Family | 0.025 | 0.0065 | *** |
GA*Immigrant Family | 0.058 | 0.0105 | *** |
HI*Immigrant Family | −0.021 | 0.0205 | |
ID*Immigrant Family | 0.038 | 0.0246 | |
IL*Immigrant Family | −0.010 | 0.0081 | |
IN*Immigrant Family | 0.010 | 0.0129 | |
IA*Immigrant Family | −0.010 | 0.0204 | |
KS*Immigrant Family | −0.006 | 0.0153 | |
KY*Immigrant Family | 0.005 | 0.0206 | |
LA*Immigrant Family | 0.003 | 0.0218 | |
ME*Immigrant Family | −0.045 | 0.0255 | * |
MD*Immigrant Family | 0.004 | 0.0114 | |
MA*Immigrant Family | −0.018 | 0.0118 | |
MI*Immigrant Family | 0.008 | 0.0152 | |
MN*Immigrant Family | 0.017 | 0.0165 | |
MS*Immigrant Family | 0.112 | 0.0443 | ** |
MO*Immigrant Family | 0.021 | 0.0160 | |
MT*Immigrant Family | 0.006 | 0.0433 | |
NE*Immigrant Family | 0.057 | 0.0320 | * |
NV*Immigrant Family | 0.025 | 0.0130 | * |
NH*Immigrant Family | 0.059 | 0.0495 | |
NJ*Immigrant Family | 0.021 | 0.0089 | ** |
NM*Immigrant Family | 0.009 | 0.0159 | |
NY*Immigrant Family | −0.013 | 0.0053 | ** |
NC*Immigrant Family | 0.017 | 0.0102 | * |
ND*Immigrant Family | −0.032 | 0.0542 | |
OH*Immigrant Family | 0.048 | 0.0183 | *** |
OK*Immigrant Family | −0.002 | 0.0146 | |
OR*Immigrant Family | −0.011 | 0.0111 | |
PA*Immigrant Family | 0.005 | 0.0115 | |
RI*Immigrant Family | −0.013 | 0.0202 | |
SC*Immigrant Family | 0.033 | 0.0187 | * |
SD*Immigrant Family | −0.023 | 0.0426 | |
TN*Immigrant Family | 0.040 | 0.0164 | ** |
TX*Immigrant Family | 0.013 | 0.0050 | ** |
UT*Immigrant Family | 0.134 | 0.0236 | *** |
VT*Immigrant Family | 0.065 | 0.1311 | |
VA*Immigrant Family | 0.060 | 0.0170 | *** |
WA*Immigrant Family | 0.017 | 0.0106 | |
WV*Immigrant Family | 0.191 | 0.1198 | |
WI*Immigrant Family | 0.016 | 0.0185 | |
WY*Immigrant Family | 0.021 | 0.0818 | |
State Fixed-effects: | |||
AL | −0.018 | 0.0046 | *** |
AK | 0.010 | 0.0148 | |
AZ | 0.031 | 0.0064 | *** |
AR | −0.037 | 0.0050 | *** |
CO | 0.039 | 0.0073 | *** |
CT | −0.054 | 0.0048 | *** |
DE | −0.026 | 0.0127 | ** |
DC | −0.071 | 0.0062 | *** |
FL | 0.065 | 0.0052 | *** |
GA | 0.012 | 0.0046 | ** |
HI | −0.048 | 0.0082 | *** |
ID | 0.017 | 0.0095 | * |
IL | −0.037 | 0.0039 | *** |
IN | 0.018 | 0.0053 | *** |
IA | −0.037 | 0.0062 | *** |
KS | 0.010 | 0.0082 | |
KY | −0.029 | 0.0047 | *** |
LA | −0.021 | 0.0048 | *** |
ME | −0.042 | 0.0080 | *** |
MD | −0.037 | 0.0044 | *** |
MA | −0.074 | 0.0026 | *** |
MI | −0.043 | 0.0032 | *** |
MN | −0.005 | 0.0058 | |
MS | 0.028 | 0.0075 | *** |
MO | −0.015 | 0.0043 | *** |
MT | 0.055 | 0.0131 | *** |
NE | −0.041 | 0.0064 | *** |
NV | 0.106 | 0.0124 | *** |
NH | −0.031 | 0.0083 | *** |
NJ | −0.027 | 0.0042 | *** |
NM | −0.008 | 0.0071 | |
NY | −0.041 | 0.0028 | *** |
NC | −0.009 | 0.0043 | ** |
ND | 0.019 | 0.0206 | |
OH | −0.013 | 0.0042 | *** |
OK | 0.000 | 0.0063 | |
OR | 0.026 | 0.0073 | *** |
PA | −0.028 | 0.0034 | *** |
RI | −0.033 | 0.0107 | *** |
SC | 0.030 | 0.0067 | *** |
SD | −0.005 | 0.0140 | |
TN | −0.033 | 0.0036 | *** |
TX | 0.053 | 0.0044 | *** |
UT | 0.014 | 0.0080 | * |
VT | −0.061 | 0.0073 | *** |
VA | −0.012 | 0.0053 | ** |
WA | −0.019 | 0.0046 | *** |
WV | −0.042 | 0.0056 | *** |
WI | −0.039 | 0.0045 | *** |
WY | −0.013 | 0.0152 | |
Number of Observations | 861,116 |
Source: Authors’ estimates from the American Community Surveys (2008, 2009, 2010)
p<0.1,
p<0.05,
p<0.01