TABLE 2.
Univariate Associations of Study Factors With Any Active Intravenous Drug Use During the 3-Year Follow-Up Among Hepatitis C Virus–Infected Patients Who Have Ever Used Injection Drugs: CHARM Cohort; Boston, MA; 2000–2006
| Characteristics | Active IDU, No./Total No. (%) | PR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic factors | ||
| Gender | ||
| Male | 84/187 (44.9) | 0.79 (0.63, 1.00) |
| Female | 58/102 (56.9) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Age, y | ||
| < 40 | 48/72 (66.7) | 1.54 (1.23, 1.92) |
| ≥40 | 94/217 (43.3) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Black | 65/139 (46.8) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| White | 41/84 (48.8) | 1.04 (0.79, 1.38) |
| Hispanic | 35/61 (57.4) | 1.23 (0.93, 1.62) |
| Other | 1/5 (20.0) | 0.43 (0.07, 2.49) |
| Social factors | ||
| Incarcerated | ||
| Ever | 119/228 (52.2) | 1.38 (0.98, 1.96) |
| Never | 23/61 (37.7) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Education | ||
| < high school | 66/129 (51.2) | 1.08 (0.85, 1.36) |
| ≥ high school | 76/160 (47.5) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Married | ||
| Yes | 9/27 (33.3) | 0.66 (0.38, 1.14) |
| No | 132/261 (50.6) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Unemployed | ||
| Yes | 124/220 (56.4) | 2.16 (1.43, 3.27) |
| No | 18/69 (26.1) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Homeless | ||
| Yes | 25/32 (78.1) | 1.72 (1.37, 2.15) |
| No | 117/257 (45.5) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Substance use factors | ||
| Alcohol use | ||
| Active hazardous drinking | 41/53 (77.4) | 1.96 (1.55, 2.47) |
| Any other alcohol use | 18/39 (46.2) | 1.17 (0.79, 1.71) |
| No current alcohol use | 70/177 (39.6) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Active cigarette smoking | ||
| Yes | 124/229 (54.2) | 1.80 (1.20, 2.70) |
| No | 18/60 (30.0) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Age at initiation of IDU, y | ||
| < 20 | 69/141 (48.9) | 0.97 (0.76, 1.22) |
| ≥ 20 | 72/142 (50.7) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| History of daily cocaine use | ||
| Yes | 84/165 (50.9) | 1.08 (0.85, 1.37) |
| No | 58/123 (47.2) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| History of daily heroin use | ||
| Yes | 123/230 (53.5) | 1.66 (1.13, 2.45) |
| No | 19/59 (32.2) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| History of methadone treatment | ||
| Yes | 89/163 (54.6) | 1.30 (1.01, 1.67) |
| No | 52/124 (41.9) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Clinical factors | ||
| HIV coinfection | ||
| Yes | 87/179 (48.6) | 0.97 (0.76, 1.24) |
| No | 55/110 (50.0) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| History of psychiatric disease | ||
| Yes | 90/173 (52.0) | 1.28 (0.97, 1.68) |
| No | 42/103 (40.8) | 1.00 (Ref) |
Note. CHARM = Hepatitis C, HIV, and Related Morbidity; CI = confidence interval; IDU = intravenous drug use; PR = prevalence ratio. Status was at the baseline interview.