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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Dec 5.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurosci. 2013 Jun 5;33(23):9846–9854. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0451-13.2013

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Retrieval of short and long-term appetitive and aversive memories induces an increased retrieval signal to the learned odor in different MBn subsets. (A) Response ratio of the CS+/CS− as a function of time measured in the vertical branch of the α′/β′ MBn after appetitive olfactory conditioning and in naïve flies. A robust increase in calcium influx was detected in the vertical branch during the retrieval of 1 hr appetitive memory (Mann-Whitney pairwise comparison, p = 0.0041). This increase was not detected during the retrieval of the appetitive memory 24 hr after training (Mann-Whitney pairwise comparison, p = 0.8361). No change was observed at either time point in naïve animals. Asterisks indicate a statistically significant difference when compared to the naïve group. n = 10-16 for each group. (B) Response ratio of the CS+/CS− as a function of time measured in the vertical branch of the α/β MBn after appetitive olfactory conditioning and in naïve flies. A robust increase in calcium influx was detected in the vertical branch during the retrieval of 24 hr appetitive memory (Mann-Whitney pairwise comparison, p = 0.0183). This increase was not detected during the retrieval of the appetitive memory 1 hr after training (Mann-Whitney pairwise comparison, p = 1). No change was observed at either time point in naïve animals. Asterisks indicate a statistically significant difference when compared to the naïve group. n = 10-16 for each group. (C) Response ratio of the CS+/CS− as a function of time measured in the vertical branch of the α′/β′ MBn after aversive olfactory conditioning and in naïve flies. A robust increase in calcium influx was detected in the vertical branch during the retrieval of 1 hr aversive memory (Mann-Whitney pairwise comparison, p = 0.0011). This increase was not detected during the retrieval of the aversive memory 24 hr after training (Mann-Whitney pairwise comparison, p = 0.2618). No change was observed at either time point in naïve animals. Asterisks indicate a statistically significant difference when compared to the naïve group. n = 10-16 for each group. (D) Response ratio of the CS+/CS− as a function of time measured in the vertical branch of the α/β MBn after aversive olfactory conditioning and in naïve flies. A robust increase in calcium influx was detected in the vertical branch during the retrieval of 24 hr aversive memory (Mann-Whitney pairwise comparison, p = 0.0027). This increase was not detected during the retrieval of the aversive memory 1 hr after training (Mann-Whitney pairwise comparison, p = 0.2225). No change was observed at either time point in naïve animals. Asterisks indicate a statistically significant difference when compared to the naïve group. n = 10-16 for each group. (E) Expression of the activity-dependent gene c-fos in the hippocampus CA1 region after recent and remote memory tests for contextual fear conditioning in mice. c-fos expression is shown as a percentage relative to controls that were not given footshock. Adapted, with permission, from (Frankland et al., 2004). (F) Expression of the activity-dependent gene c-fos in the anterior cingulate cortex after recent and remote memory tests for contextual fear conditioning in mice. c-fos expression is shown as a percentage relative to controls that were not given footshock. Adapted, with permission, from (Frankland et al., 2004).