Full list of studies and number of foci included in this paper.
| Task Domain (X/Y) | Imaging Modality | N | Task Description | No. of foci |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotion (18/9): | 62 | |||
| Imaizumi, et al. (1997) | PET | Emotion in speaker voice vs.
Speaker identification |
5 | |
| Lane, et al. (1997) | PET | IAPS pictures | 2 | |
| Paradiso, et al. (1999) | PET/1.5T fMRI | IAPS pictures | 10 | |
| Simpson, et al. (2000)* | 1.5T fMRI | IAPS pictures | 2 | |
| Abel, et al. (2003)* | 1.5T fMRI | Ketamin and facial
emotion recognition |
2 | |
| Gündel, et al. (2003) | 1.5T fMRI | Grief | 5 | |
| Markowitsch, et al. (2003)* | 1.5T fMRI | Happy vs. sad
autobiographical memory and fMRI |
2 | |
| Ueda, et al. (2003)* | 1.5T fMRI | Expectancy of emotional
stimuli (warned reaction task) |
1 | |
| Canli, et al. (2004)* | 3T fMRI | Lexical decision task for
neutral, happy, sad, and threat-related words |
2 | |
| Lee, et al. (2004) | 1.5T fMRI | Unpleasant vs. neutral IAPS pictures | 3 | |
| Najib, et al. (2004)* | 1.5T fMRI | Women who had
romantic relationship breakup |
8 | |
| Takahashi, et al. (2004) | 1.5T fMRI | IAPS pictures | 1 | |
| Habel, et al. (2005) | 1.5T fMRI | Happy vs. sad faces | 2 | |
| Bermpohl, et al. (2006) | 3T fMRI | IAPS pictures | 2 | |
| Hofer, et al. (2006)* | 1.5T fMRI | Gender difference in fMRI
images during the perception of emotion |
6 | |
| Hofer, et al. (2007) | 1.5T fMRI | IAPS pictures | 6 | |
| Jollant, et al. (2008)* | 1.5T fMRI | IAPS pictures (angry, happy vs. neutral), suicidal behavior | 2 | |
| Park, et al. (2010)* | 1.5T fMRI | Integration of emotional
information from different sources |
1 | |
|
Executive
Function (13/6): |
58 | |||
| Rao, et al. (1997) | 1.5T fMRI | Conceptual reasoning vs.
sensorimotor control |
3 | |
| Dagher, et al. (1999)* | PET | Tower of London task | 2 | |
| Jahanshahi, et al. (2000) | PET | Random number generation vs. Counting | 2 | |
| Liddle, et al. (2001) | 1.5T fMRI | Go-No-Go task | 15 | |
| Dreher, et al. (2002)* | 1.5T fMRI | Letter discrimination with
task switching conditions |
4 | |
| Ernst, et al. (2002) | PET | Risk taking task | 10 | |
| Schall, et al. (2003)* | PET/1.5T fMRI | Tower of London task | 2 | |
| Daniels, et al. (2003) | 1.5T fMRI | Random number generation | 2 | |
| Beauchamp, et al. (2003)* | PET | Tower of London | 3 | |
| Blackwood, et al. (2004) | 1.5T fMRI | Decision making (uncertain vs. certain conditions) |
2 | |
| Kondo, et al. (2004)* | 1.5T fMRI | Arithmetic and memory tasks | 6 | |
| Harrington, et al. (2004) | 1.5T fMRI | Decision making (interval timing) | 4 | |
| Gilbert, et al. (2008)* | 3T fMRI | Random generation task | 3 | |
| Language (15/4): | 68 | |||
| Ojemann, et al. (1998) | PET & 1.5T fMRI |
Word stem completion (covert)
vs. fixation |
7 | |
| Schlösser, et al. (1998) | 1.5T fMRI | Verbal fluency | 6 | |
| Lurito, et al. (2000) | fMRI | Word generation vs. viewing
non-letter symbols |
3 | |
| Seger, et al. (2000) | 1.5T fMRI | Verb generation | 13 | |
| Gurd, et al. (2002) | 1.5T fMRI | Semantic fluency (categories)
vs. overlearned sequence fluency |
1 | |
| Noppeney, et al. (2002) | PET | Semantic decision | 2 | |
| Xiang, et al. (2003) | 1.5T fMRI | Semantic discrimination | 1 | |
| McDermott, et al. (2003) | 1.5T fMRI | Semantic vs. Phonological word lists | 3 | |
| Seki, et al. (2004) | 3T fMRI | Vowel exchange vs. Reading
words and non-words |
2 | |
| Tieleman, et al. (2005) | 1.5T fMRI | Semantic vs. perceptual categorization | 3 | |
| Callan, et al. (2006)* | 3T fMRI | Listening and covert production
of singing relative to speech |
2 | |
| Frings, et al. (2006) | 1.5T fMRI | Verb generation | 17 | |
| Rauschecker, et al. (2008)* | 3T fMRI | Test of non-word repetition | 4 | |
| Sweet, et al. (2008)* | 1.5T fMRI | Effects of phonological similarity
on verbal working memory (2-back and 0- back) |
2 | |
| Durisko, et al. (2010)* | 3T fMRI | Contribution of cerebellum to
verbal working memory |
2 | |
| Music* (7): | 57 | |||
| Zatorre, et al. (1994) | PET | Auditory processing of melody | 3 | |
| Ramnani, et al. (2001) | PET | Rhythmic learning | 3 | |
| Pope, et al. (2005) | 3T fMRI | Rhythmic sequence production | 10 | |
| Grahn, et al. (2007) | 3T fMRI | Rhythm and beat perception | 2 | |
| Chen, et al. (2008) | 1.5T fMRI | Rhythm perception and production | 26 | |
| Thaut, et al. (2008) | 1.5T fMRI | Rhythmic production/formation | 7 | |
| Karabanov, et al. (2009) | 1.5T fMRI | Rhythmic production | 6 | |
| Timing* (9): | 36 | |||
| Tracy, et al. (2000) | 1.5T fMRI | Time interval production task | 5 | |
| Jäncke, et al. (2000) | 1.5T fMRI | Paced finger-tapping task | 4 | |
| Dreher, et al. (2002) | 1.5T fMRI | Timing prediction task | 2 | |
| Smith, et al. (2003) | 1.5T fMRI | Temporal discrimination task | 1 | |
| Jantzen, et al. (2005) | 1.5T fMRI | Self-paced rhythmic timing task | 12 | |
| Tregellas, et al. (2006) | 3T fMRI | Auditory temporal discrimination task | 2 | |
| Stevens, et al. (2007) | 3T fMRI | Temporal reproduction | 3 | |
| Jantzen, et al. (2007) | 1.5T fMRI | Continuation paradigm | 2 | |
| O’Reilly, et al. (2008) | 3T fMRI | Temporal perception task | 5 | |
|
Working memory(26/18): |
116 | |||
| Fiez, et al. (1996)* | PET | Working memory and PET | 5 | |
| Schumacher, et al. (1996)* | PET | Verbal working memory and
its modality-specific representations |
1 | |
| Jonides, et al. (1998)* | PET | Role of parietal cortex in
verbal working memory |
3 | |
| LaBar, et al. (1999) | 1.5T fMRI | 2-back task; spatial WM | 1 | |
| Thomas, et al. (1999)* | 1.5T fMRI | Spatial working memory
–children and adults |
2 | |
| Honey, et al. (2000) | 1.5T fMRI | 2-back vs. Control | 1 | |
| Gruber, et al. (2001) | 3T fMRI | Letter memory
vs. Uppercase/lowercase judgment |
1 | |
| Cairo, et al. (2004) | fMRI | Sternberg working memory | 8 | |
| Kirschen, et al. (2005) | 3T fMRI | Regions of linear and
quadratic increases in activation with increasing memory load |
6 | |
| Chen, et al. (2005b) | 3T fMRI | Sternberg working memory | 13 | |
| Chen, et al. (2005a)* | 3T fMRI | Verbal working memory | 9 | |
| Tomasi, et al. (2005) | 4T fMRI | n-back | 3 | |
| Valera, et al. (2005) | 1.5T fMRI | n-back | 1 | |
| Woodward, et al. (2006)* | 1.5T fMRI | Verbal working memory | 5 | |
| Geier, et al. (2007)* | 3T fMRI | Spatial working memory
(oculomotor delayed response task) |
3 | |
| Hayter, et al. (2007)* | 3T fMRI | Verbal working memory
(Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test,PASAT) |
2 | |
| Tomasi, et al. (2007)* | 4T fMRI | n-back and visual attention tasks | 3 | |
| Yeh, et al. (2007)* | 1.5T fMRI | Visuospatial working memory
for change detection |
1 | |
| O’Hare, et al. (2008)* | 3T fMRI | Parametric verbal Sternberg
working memory task |
4 | |
| Scheuerecker, et al. (2008)* | 1.5T fMRI | 2-back vs. 0-back | 5 | |
| Hautzel, et al. (2009)* | 1.5T fMRI | 2-back paradigm and extracting %change in BOLD signal |
19 | |
| Koelsch, et al. (2009)* | 3T fMRI | Functional architecture of verbal and tonal working memory |
1 | |
| Durisko, et al. (2010)* | 3T fMRI | Delayed serial recall (DSR) task | 7 | |
| Schulze, et al. (2011)* | 3T fMRI | Verbal and tonal working
memory (musicians and non-musicians) |
5 | |
| Marvel, et al. (2010b)* | 3T fMRI | Sternberg working memory | 2 | |
| Kirschen, et al. (2010)* | 3T fMRI | Load-dependent verbal
working memory |
5 |
Note. X = total number of studies included in each domain, Y = total number of articles not included in previous meta-analysis,
N = total number of foci included in each domain, and task type and articles marked with an asterisk (*) are ones not included in the previous meta-analysis conducted by Stoodley and Schmahmann (2009).