TABLE 1.
Relationship of Covariates With Severe Periodontitis and Secondhand Smoke Exposure, Adjusted for Age, Gender–HRT, Education, and Center–Race: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study; Forsyth County, NC; Jackson, MS; suburban Minneapolis, MN; and Washington County, MD; 1996–1998
| Variable | No. | Periodontitis Cases, % | P | Exposed to Secondhand Smoke, % | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Severe periodontitis case status | .08 | ||||
| Cases | 438 | … | 37.6 | ||
| Noncases | 2301 | … | … | 33.0 | |
| Secondhand smoke categories | .099 | ||||
| No exposure | 1816 | 15.1 | … | ||
| 1–25 h/wk | 806 | 17.2 | … | ||
| ≥26 h/wk | 117 | 22.4 | … | ||
| Gender–HRTa,b | .001 | .004 | |||
| Women using HRT | 817 | 9.7 | 30.4 | ||
| Women not using HRT | 1229 | 16.0 | 33.3 | ||
| Men | 692 | 23.5 | 38.4 | ||
| Age,a y | .350 | .013 | |||
| 53–61 | 1313 | 15.3 | 36.0 | ||
| 62–74 | 1426 | 16.6 | 31.6 | ||
| Race/ethnicitya | .107 | .101 | |||
| Black | 554 | 18.2 | 36.6 | ||
| White | 2185 | 15.4 | 33.0 | ||
| Center-racea | .001 | .001 | |||
| Forsyth—Blacks | 52 | 30.8 | 59.6 | ||
| Forsyth—Whites | 638 | 6.1 | 39.5 | ||
| Jackson—Blacks | 502 | 16.9 | 34.2 | ||
| Minneapolis—Whites | 793 | 15.6 | 30.3 | ||
| Washington—Whites | 754 | 23.1 | 30.2 | ||
| Education,a,b y | .102 | .001 | |||
| ≤11 | 337 | 19.6 | 37.4 | ||
| 12–16 | 1266 | 16.2 | 37.9 | ||
| ≥17 | 1132 | 14.8 | 28.0 | ||
| Alcohol | .359 | .025 | |||
| Current drinker | 1134 | 17.3 | 35.4 | ||
| Former drinker | 642 | 15.6 | 36.3 | ||
| Never drinker | 963 | 14.7 | 30.2 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | .453 | .012 | |||
| < 54 g/wk (5 glasses of wine) | 2492 | 15.8 | 33.0 | ||
| ≥54 g/wk | 247 | 17.8 | 41.4 | ||
| Coffee (cups) | .628 | .001 | |||
| > 4/d | 277 | 14.8 | 34.4 | ||
| 1–3/d | 1102 | 18.4 | 41.0 | ||
| 1–24/mo | 457 | 15.6 | 36.7 | ||
| Almost never | 903 | 16.4 | 27.6 | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2)b | .021 | .001 | |||
| < 27 | 1148 | 14.0 | 29.9 | ||
| ≥27 | 1584 | 17.5 | 36.7 | ||
| Diabetesb | .848 | .232 | |||
| Yes | 336 | 16.1 | 36.8 | ||
| No | 2394 | 15.7 | 33.3 | ||
| Current use of aspirinb | .362 | .663 | |||
| Yes | 684 | 14.9 | 34.5 | ||
| No | 2050 | 16.4 | 33.5 | ||
| Current use of other NSAIDsb | .369 | .573 | |||
| Yes | 361 | 14.3 | 35.1 | ||
| No | 2374 | 16.3 | 33.6 | ||
| Times brushed teeth yesterdayb | .644 | .211 | |||
| Not at all | 26 | 9.3 | 17.1 | ||
| 1 | 642 | 16.8 | 34.0 | ||
| 2 | 1654 | 15.7 | 34.5 | ||
| ≥3 | 407 | 16.5 | 31.5 | ||
| Times used floss last weekb | .377 | .058 | |||
| Not at all | 819 | 17.3 | 35.7 | ||
| 1 | 225 | 15.7 | 31.2 | ||
| 2 | 267 | 18.5 | 39.6 | ||
| ≥3 | 1415 | 14.9 | 31.9 | ||
| Frequency of dental visitsb | .036 | .096 | |||
| Other | 25 | 17.7 | 49.2 | ||
| Don’t go | 32 | 33.3 | 29.9 | ||
| Only when in discomfort | 176 | 22.9 | 40.0 | ||
| When something needs fixing | 400 | 15.9 | 37.5 | ||
| Regular basis | 2094 | 15.2 | 32.4 |
Note. HRT = hormone replacement therapy; NSAIDs = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
a
Not adjusted.
b
Numbers do not sum to 2739 because of missing values.