Table 1.

Summary of Findings from ERP Studies of Syntactic Processing in Adults

Syntactic process	Violation type (example)	Study citation	Frequency findings at critical word temporal and topographic information)
Phrase structure error	Word category violation (e.g., the boy likes the to eat toast)	Bastiaansen et al. (2010)	Gamma Beta	Decrease 0–1000msec, right centro-temporal Decrease 0–600msec, left frontal and 1000ms, mid- and right-frontal
			Theta	No change
		Davidson & Indefrey (2007)	Beta Theta	Decrease 500–900msec, right temporal No change
Morphosyntactic error	Agreement violation (e.g., two boy like to eat toast; the boy like to eat toast)	Bastiaansen et al. (2002)	Theta	Increase 300–500msec, left anterior
		Davidson & Indefrey (2007)	Beta Theta	No change No change
	Gender violation* (e.g., I saw a darkNEUTER cloudCOMMON on the horizon)	Bastiaansen et al. (2002)	Theta	Increase 300–800msec, right anterior
Sentence integration	Correct sentences	Bastiaansen et al. (2002)	Theta	Increase during sentence, 0–4000msec, bilateral centro-parietal
		Bastiaansen et al. (2010)	Beta Theta	Increase during sentence, 200–1000msec, frontal Increase during sentence, 200–1000msec, right centro-parietal

^*does not occur in English