Table 2.

Risk factors of pancreatic cancer and association of pancreatic cancer with HBV or HCV infection: Univariable and Multivariable logistic regression analysis

Variable	Cases N =476 (%)	Controls N= 879 (%)	Univariable OR (95% CI)	Multivariable OR (95% CI)
HCV
Anti-HCV −	469 (98.5)	870 (99)	1 (reference)
Anti-HCV +	7 (1.5)	9 (1)	1.4 (.5–3.9)	.9 (.3–2.8)
HBV
HBsAg-/Anti-HBc− *	438 (92)	844 (96)	1 (reference)
HBsAg+/Anti-HBc+ †	0	1 (.1)	————
HBsAg−/Anti-HBc + ‡	36 (7.6)	27 (3.1)	2.5 (1.5–4.1)	2.5 (1.5–4.2)
Anti-HBc+/Anti-HBs+§	24 (5)	20 (2.3)	2.3 (1.3–4.3)	2.3 (1.2–4.3)
Anti-HBc+/Anti-HBs− ¶	12 (2.5)	6 (.7)	3.9 (1.4–10.4)	4 (1.4–11.1)
Diabetes
No	368 (77.3)	792 (90.1)	1 (reference)
Yes	108 (23.7)	87 (9.9)	2.7 (1.9–3.6)	2.9 (2.1–4)
Cigarette smoking
No	201 (42.2)	451 (51.3)	1 (reference)
Yes	275 (57.8)	428 (48.7)	1.4 (1.2–1.8)	1.4 (1.1–1.8)
Alcohol drinking
No	198 (41.6)	384 (43.7)	1 (reference)
Yes	278 (58.8)	495 (56.3)	1.1 (.9–1.4)	1 (.8–1.3)
Family history of cancer
No	102 (21.4)	279 (31.7)	1 (reference)
Yes	374 (78.6)	600 (68.3)	1.7 (1.3–2.2)	1.8 (1.4–2.3)

Abbreviations: +, positive; −, negative; anti-HBc, anti-hepatitis B core antigen; anti-HBs, anti-hepatitis B surface antigen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV, hepatitis C virus.

^*Never exposed;

^†Chronic carrier of HBV;

^‡Past exposure to HBV;

^§Past exposure to HBV with natural immunity;

^¶Possible chronically infected and have an undetectable level of HBsAg present in the serum.