Insider–outsider tensions |
24 |
Differing assumptions, perceptions, expectations; conflicting agendas; mistrust from communities |
17 |
Power differentials between researchers and community; differences in cultural values; racism; seeking equality between partners; power/coercion |
17 |
Protecting communities |
22 |
Challenges with consenting community; addressing collective implications of studies; determining risk–benefit ratio |
18 |
Confidentiality/anonymity is challenging in many closed communities and may be inappropriate; threats to privacy of health information |
8 |
Community representation (challenges determining who is community, who speaks for community, who should sit on boards; what to do when working with multiple communities or divided communities) |
15 |
Data sharing; reporting and using results (dealing with unflattering data or unclear results, producing tangible community benefits, defining data ownership and publication rights) |
12 |
Working with IRBs (IRBs are unfamiliar with CBPR practices; may hold inapplicable assumptions about research methods and data ownership, be unfamiliar with dynamic nature of researcher–participant interaction, assume protocol can be stipulated in advance) |
12 |
Managing dual roles as community members and researchers (conflicting loyalties, shifting roles of participants) |
8 |
Practicalities (time investment, costs) |
6 |
Challenges of community commitment (community partners may pull out, may not maintain interest and compromise study, may be hard to keep track of) |
5 |
Cyclical, dynamic, iterative, and evolving nature of CBPR (poses problems for establishing clear ethical codes or guidelines; ethics cannot be predetermined) |
5 |
Lack of explicit guidelines (lack of published examples on how to ensure ethical integrity in CBPR; no defined method for determining study effectiveness) |
3 |
Ethics assumed (CBPR is seen to be ethical response; ethical issues may thus be neglected) |
3 |
Misconduct occurs under ethical guise of CBPR (using community members to gather data only; not letting community know about outcomes) |
2 |
Resource and funding challenges (CBPR is unrecognized by funding agencies but requires considerable resources) |
2 |