Table 3.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for predictors of medical/surgical hospitalization during study period, 2004–2009
| Characteristic | Univariate Model | Multivariate Model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | AOR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Predisposing Factors | ||||
| Demographic group | ||||
| Single adult male (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Single adult female | 0.92 (0.65–1.30) | 0.639 | 0.84 (0.58–1.21) | 0.339 |
| Family adult | 0.60 (0.41–0.88) | 0.010 | 0.63 (0.42–0.96) | 0.031 |
| Age (years) | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | <0.001 | ||
| Lifetime duration of homelessness | ||||
| Less than 2 years (ref) | 1.00 | |||
| 2 years or more | 1.19 (0.89–1.59) | 0.249 | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White (ref) | 1.00 | |||
| Black | 0.59 (0.40–0.88) | 0.010 | ||
| Aboriginal | 1.59 (0.99–2.56) | 0.055 | ||
| Other visible minorities | 0.62 (0.39–1.01) | 0.052 | ||
| Place of birth | ||||
| Outside Canada (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Canada | 1.62 (1.16–2.26) | 0.005 | 1.48 (1.03–2.12) | 0.035 |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| Some high school or less (ref) | 1.00 | |||
| High school diploma or equivalent | 0.70 (0.47–1.05) | 0.082 | ||
| College/vocational training or higher | 0.94 (0.67–1.31) | 0.700 | ||
| History of traumatic brain injury | 1.17 (0.872013;1.56) | 0.302 | ||
| Physical assault in past 12 months | 1.16 (0.85–1.60) | 0.352 | ||
| Sexual assault in past 12 months | 2.01 (1.16–3.48) | 0.014 | ||
| Current smoker | 1.39 (1.00–1.95) | 0.053 | ||
| Alcohol problem in past 30 daysg | 1.17 (0.85–1.60) | 0.333 | ||
| Drug problem in past 30 daysa | 1.17 (0.87–1.57) | 0.306 | ||
| Mental health problem in past 30 daysa | 1.14 (0.85–1.53) | 0.388 | ||
| Propensity to underseek care score | ||||
| 0 (ref) | 1.00 | |||
| 1 | 0.97 (0.67–1.42) | 0.893 | ||
| 2 or more | 0.85 (0.59–1.22) | 0.374 | ||
| Enabling Factors | ||||
| Monthly income | ||||
| <$500 (ref) | 1.00 | |||
| $500–$999 | 1.50 (1.07–2.11) | 0.019 | ||
| ≥$1,000 | 1.24 (0.86–1.81) | 0.254 | ||
| Has a primary care provider | 1.99 (1.36–2.90) | <0.001 | 1.77 (1.18–2.67) | 0.006 |
| Unmet need for health care | 0.98 (0.66–1.45) | 0.920 | ||
| Unmet need for mental health care | 1.27 (0.81–2.00) | 0.293 | ||
| Competing priorities | 0.89 (0.45–1.73) | 0.719 | ||
| MHLC internal subscale score | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.214 | ||
| MHLC chance subscale score | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.583 | ||
| MHLC powerful others subscale score | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 0.006 |
| Social support – loan | 0.83 (0.59–1.18) | 0.305 | ||
| Social support – ride to appointment | 0.74 (0.53–1.03) | 0.070 | ||
| Social support – suicide | 0.87 (0.61–1.25) | 0.453 | ||
| Need Factors | ||||
| PCS-12 score | 0.96 (0.94–0.97) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | 0.003 |
| MCS-12 score | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.373 | ||
| Number of chronic health conditionsh | ||||
| None (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 1 | 1.68 (1.12–2.51) | 0.011 | 1.46 (0.95–2.22) | 0.081 |
| 2 | 2.81 (1.84–4.28) | <0.001 | 2.09 (1.31–3.33) | 0.002 |
| 3 or more | 4.39 (2.88–6.71) | <0.001 | 2.59 (1.55–4.31) | <0.001 |
g
Alcohol, drug, and mental health problems in the past 30 days were assessed using the Addiction Severity Index (ASI).18–20
CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; PCS = Physical Component Summary; MCS = Mental Component Summary; MHLC = Multidimensional Health Locus of Control; SD = standard deviation
h
Chronic health conditions include diabetes; anemia; hypertension; heart disease and stroke; liver problems (including chronic viral hepatitis); arthritis or joint problems; cancer; physical handicaps; or HIV/AIDS.