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Effect of carbamazepine, fluphenazine and pimozide on intracellular degradation of mutant ATZ. Soluble forms of ATZ (purple) are degraded by the proteasomal pathway (top right) and insoluble aggregates of ATZ (gold) are degraded by autophagy (bottom right). Carbamazepine appears to enhance autophagy and also the proteasome. Fluphenazine and pimozide enhance the autophagic degradation of ATZ.
