Table 4.

Alterations in drug metabolizing enzymes observed with various liver diseases.

PHASE OF METABOLISM	ENZYME	OBSERVED CHANGES	REFERENCES
PHASE 1	CYP1A2	↓	[George et al., 1995, George et al., 1995, Verbeeck et al., 1998, Elbekai et al., 2004, Parkinson et al., 2004, Villeneuve et al., 2004, Frye et al., 2006, Nakai et al., 2008]
	CYP2C9	↔/↓	[George et al., 1995, George et al., 1995, Verbeeck et al., 1998, Hasler et al., 1999, Rodighiero, 1999, Elbekai et al., 2004, Villeneuve et al., 2004]
	CYP2C19	↓	[Villeneuve et al., 2004, Areberg et al., 2006]
	CYP2E1	↓	[Guengerich et al., 1991, George et al., 1995, Hasler et al., 1999, Elbekai et al., 2004, Parkinson et al., 2004, Villeneuve et al., 2004]
	CYP3A4	↓	[George et al., 1995, George et al., 1995, Rodighiero, 1999, Yang et al., 2003, Elbekai et al., 2004, Villeneuve et al., 2004, Nakai et al., 2008, Mcconn et al., 2009]
	Alcohol Dehydrogenase	↓	[Nuutinen, 1986, Vidal et al., 1990]
	Aldehyde Dehydrogenase	↓	[Nuutinen, 1986, Vidal et al., 1998]
PHASE 2	Sulfation	↓	[Iqbal et al., 1990, Pacifici et al., 1990, Klaassen et al., 1997, Choo et al., 1999, Elbekai et al., 2004]
	Glucuronidation	↔/↓	[Hoyumpa et al., 1991, Congiu et al., 2002, Elbekai et al., 2004]