Table 1.
Participants’ demographic and SES characteristics: pregnant women (n 274), PRISM study, Boston, MA, USA, March 2011–August 2012
| Characteristic | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Race (n 274) | ||
| Hispanic | 116 | 42·3 |
| African American | 48 | 17·5 |
| Caucasian | 83 | 30·3 |
| Other | 27 | 9·9 |
| Low ethnic identity (n 266) | 144 | 54·1 |
| Nativity status (n 272) | ||
| Foreign-born | 130 | 47·8 |
| Primary language (n 250) | ||
| English | 159 | 63·6 |
| Spanish | 78 | 31·2 |
| Bilingual | 13 | 5·2 |
| Financial hardship | ||
| Difficulty living on total household income (n 272) | ||
| No difficulty | 110 | 40·4 |
| Somewhat difficult | 115 | 42·3 |
| Difficult | 47 | 17·3 |
| Difficulty meeting monthly payments (bills) (n 271) | ||
| No difficulty | 128 | 47·2 |
| Somewhat difficult | 94 | 34·7 |
| Difficult | 49 | 18·1 |
| Evidence of food insecurity (n 266) | 74 | 27·8 |
| Maternal education (n 266) | ||
| <12th grade/HS degree or GED | 88 | 33·1 |
| Some college/college degree (BA, MS, MD, PhD, etc.) | 178 | 66·9 |
| Covariates | ||
| BMI status (n 236) | ||
| Normal weight (BMI<25 kg/m2) | 85 | 36·0 |
| Overweight (BMI ≥25 to <30 kg/m2) | 74 | 31·4 |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 77 | 32·6 |
| Smoked during pregnancy (n 274) | 46 | 16·8 |
| Mean | SD | |
| Maternal age (years) | 30·36 | 5·64 |
PRISM, PRogramming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms; SES, socio-economic status; HS, high school; GED, General Educational Development; BA, Bachelor of Arts; MS, Masters; MD, Doctor of Medicine; PhD, Doctor of Philosophy.