Table 2.
Frequencies of micronutrient inadequacies in the study participants: pregnant women (n 274), PRISM study, Boston, MA, USA, March 2011–August 2012
| Individual micronutrients (n 274) | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Antioxidants | ||
| Vitamin A | 28 | 10·2 |
| Vitamin C | 20 | 7·3 |
| Vitamin E | 141 | 51·5 |
| Mg | 105 | 38·3 |
| Se | 3 | 1·1 |
| Zn | 42 | 15·3 |
| Methyl/epigenetic nutrients | ||
| Vitamin B12 | 8 | 2·9 |
| Vitamin B6 | 40 | 14·6 |
| Folate | 44 | 16·1 |
| Riboflavin | 9 | 3·3 |
| Fe | 155 | 56·6 |
| Choline†‡ | 261 | 95·3 |
| Bone-related | ||
| Vitamin D | 211 | 77·0 |
| Ca | 53 | 19·3 |
| P† | 3 | 1·1 |
| Electrolytes | ||
| K†‡ | 273 | 99·6 |
| Na†‡ | 2 | 0·7 |
| Other | ||
| Thiamin | 19 | 6·9 |
| Niacin | 16 | 5·8 |
| Vitamin K†‡ | 57 | 20·8 |
PRISM, PRogramming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms.
†
Based on dietary intake only.
‡
These nutrient intakes were compared with Adequate Intake (AI) levels; all other micronutrients were compared with the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR).