Table 1.

Genes regulating developmental CNS angiogenesis

Knocked-out gene/s	Compartment	Angiogenesis defects		CNS hemorrhage	CNS glomeruloid vascular malformations	References
		Non-CNS	CNS
Vegf	Neuroepithelium	−	+++	−	−	[40]
Id1 + Id3	Global	Xenograft tumorsa, heart	++	++	++	[31, 32]
Id1 + Id3	Endothelium	Heart	−	−	−	[47]
Wnt7a + Wnt7b	Embryo proper, neuroepithelium	−	++	++	++	[30]
β-catenin	Endothelium	−	+++	+++	−	[30]
Tgfβ1b+ Tgfβ3	Global	Yolk sac	++	++	++	[33]
Tgfbr1	Endothelium	Heart	?	++	?	[61]
Tgfbr2	Endothelium	Heart	?	++	?	[62]
Integrin αv	Neuroepitheliumc	−	+	+	+	[28]
Integrin β8	Neuroepitheliumc	−	+	+	+	[29]
Gpr124	Global, endothelium	−	++	++	++	[34-36]

^aSince Id1^−/−; Id3^−/− mice are embryonic lethal, experiments were performed using Id1^+/−; Id3^−/− mice, which are viable

^bThe TGFβ1-RGE mutant, which phenocopies the TGFβ1 null allele was used

^cThe conditional knockout in endothelial cells was also investigated but had no phenotype