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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 14.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Chem Soc. 2014 May 30;136(23):8467–8474. doi: 10.1021/ja503679q

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Real-time measurements using the reusable ECPA cycle for quantitative insulin detection in biological samples. (A) Cyclic methodology for reusable ECPA (discussed in text). (B) Integrated signal traces during real-time monitoring of insulin secretion from as few as 5 living pancreatic islets. Islets were transitioned from basal glucose (3 mM) to stimulatory glucose (11 mM) at the points labeled with asterisks (*). (C) Insulin secretion rates were quantified via calibration. Islets responded to glucose increases with the expected spikes of insulin secretion; increases from tens to hundreds of pg islet−1 min−1 matched well with previous reports. (D) Insulin quantitation in unspiked serum from two different C57BL/6 mice was accomplished through standard addition methods made possible by reusable ECPA.